《语用学常月圆》PPT课件

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1、PragmaticsChangYueyuan11201404312021/10/82Contents1TheDefinitionofPragmatics2SpeechActTheory3ClassifyingSpeechActs4ConversationalImplicature4.1CooperativePrinciple(CP)4.2CategoriesofMaximsinCP4.3ViolationoftheMaxims5References1DefinitionofPragmaticsPragmaticscanbede

2、finedasthestudyofhowspeakersusethesentencesofalanguagetoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.Thestudyoflanguageinuse.2SpeechActTheoryJohnAustin(1911-1960)HowtoDoThingswithWords(1962)speechacts:actionsperformedviautterances2.1PerformativesandConstativesConstatives叙事句Perform

3、atives施为句6Constatives:utteranceswhichroughlyservestostateafact,reportthatsomethingisthecase,ordescribewhatsomethingis,eg:IgototheparkeverySunday.IteachEnglish.7Performatives:utteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts,donotdescribeorreportanythingatall;theutteringofthesente

4、nceisthedoingofanaction;theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Performativeverbs:name,bet,etc.8Ido.InamethisshipQueenElizabeth.Igiveandbequeathmywatchtomybrother.Ipromisetofinishitintime.Ideclarethemeetingopen.Iwarnyouthatthebullwillcharge.9FeaturesofPerformativesFirstpers

5、onsingularsubject第一人称单数主语Speechactverbs/performativeverbs:Simplepresenttense一般现在时Indicativemood陈述语气Activevoice主动态10Ipromisetobethere.I’llbethere.IadmitIwaswrong.Iwasfoolish.Ithankyou.I’mverygrateful.Iapologize.I’msorry.Iorderyoutositdown.Youmustsitdown.2.2Illocution

6、aryActTheory行事行为/施为行为理论Speechactscanbeanalyzedon3levels:Level1Alocutionaryact发话行为/言内行为:theactofsayingsomethinginthefullsenseof“say”.12Morning!Level2Anillocutionaryact行事行为:anactperformedinsayingsomething.Tosaysomethingistodosomething.1314Morning!＝Sheofferedagreeting

7、.Level3Theperlocutionaryact成事行为/取效行为theactpreformedbyorasaresultofsaying,theeffectsonthehearer.Bysayingxanddoingy,Ididz(thewordsandactionswillhavedifferenteffectsonthehearer).Level316AshowoffriendshipAninstanceofhypocrisyORTheeffectofthespeaker’swordsmaybenotwhatthe

8、speakeroriginallyintended,butitisstillaperlucutionaryactperformedbyhimorher.Illocutionaryactisrelatedtothespeaker’sintentionandperlocution