语用学预设ppt课件.pptx

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1、Presupposition-triggers预设触发语Presupposition-triggersPresuppositionsseemtobetiedtoparticularwordsoraspectsofsurfacestructureingeneral.Weshallcallsuchpresupposition-generatinglinguisticitemspresupposition-triggers预设的触发语指能够引发预设产生的词语或特定结构。Karttunen收集了31种预设触发语，Levinson选择了其中13种归纳如下

2、：（肯定和否定用/隔开；红色斜体表示预设触发语；>>表示预设）Definitedescriptions确指描述语主要指专有名词及特定的名词，引发存在性预设。(37)Johnsaw/didn’tseethemanwithtwoheads>>thereexistsamanwithtwoheads2.Factiveverbs叙实性动词指那些反映宾语或宾语从句已经发生、成为事实的动词；起谓语作用的形容词,它们后面一般接that从句,反映已经发生过的事实；评论性的形容词和副词，往往预设说话人所持的观点或看法。(38)Martharegrets/doesn

3、’tregretdrinkingJohn'shomebrew>>MarthadrankJohn'shomebrew(39)Frankensteinwas/wasn’tawarethatDraculawasthere>>Draculawasthere41)Itwasodd/itwasn’toddhowproudhewas>>hewasproud(42)somefurtherfactivepredicates:know;besorrythat;beproudthat;beindifferentthat;begladthat;besadthat(40

4、)Johnrealized/didn’trealizethathewasindebt>>Johnwasindebt3.Implicativeverbs含蓄性动词含蓄性动词指具有某种暗含意义的动词，如manage包含了“设法去做”和“做成”两个意义,forget包含“该做某事而实际上没有做”之意。其暗含意义就是它所触发的语句的预设。(43)Johnmanaged/didn’tmanagetoopenthedoor>>Johntriedtoopenthedoor(44)Johnforgot/didn’tforgettolockthedoor>>Jo

5、hnoughttohavelocked,orintendedtolock,thedoor(45)somefurtherimplicativepredicates:XhappenedtoV>>Xdidn’tplanorintendtoV;XavoidedVing>>Xwasexpectedto,orusuallydid,oroughttoV,etc.4.Changeofstateverbs状态变化动词状态变化动词即表示位置变化或状态改变的动词，这类动词预设某物原处在某地或某物的前一种状态的存在。(46)Johnstopped/didn’tstop

6、beatinghiswife>>Johnhadbeenbeatinghiswife(47)Joanbegan/didn’tbegintobeatherhusband>>Joanhadn’tbeenbeatingherhusband(48)Kissingercontinued/didn’tcontinuetoruletheworld>>Kissingerhadbeenrulingtheworld(49)somefurtherchangeofstateverbs:start;finish;carryon;cease;take(asinXtookYf

7、romZ>>Ywasat/in/withZ);leave;enter;come;go;arrive;etc.5.Iteratives反复词语表示某个动作的反复或某种状态的延续,预设这个动作曾经发生过或这种状态曾经存在过。(50)Theflyingsaucercame/didn’tcomeagain>>Theflyingsaucercamebefore(51)Youcan’tgetgobstoppersanymore>>Youoncecouldgetgobstoppers(52)Carterreturned/didn’treturntopower

8、>>Carterheldpowerbefore(53)furtheriteratives:anothertime;tocomeback;restore