语用学预设Summary-Presuppositionppt课件.ppt

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1、Presupposition8.1WhatisPresupposition?8.2Pre-pragmaticStudiesofPresupposition8.2.1Philosophers’StudiesofPresupposition8.2.2Semanticists’StudiesofPresupposition8.3PragmaticInterpretationsofPresupposition8.4PresuppositionTriggers8.5PropertiesofPresupposition8.5.1ConstancyunderNeg

2、ation8.5.2Defeasibility8.5.3TheProjectionProblem8.6Analyses8.6.1TheFiltering-SatisfactionAnalysis8.6.2TheCancellationAnalysis8.6.3TheAccommodationAnalysis8.7Summary8.1WhatisPresupposition?Incommunicationthereisalwayssomethingthatthespeakerdoesnotassertexplicitly.Tworeasons:(a)S

3、ocialreason---itissociallyinconvenientorinappropriateforhimtodoso.Speakerchoosestouseindirectlanguage.WehavediscussedthispointinChapter4.(b)Itisnotnecessaryforhimtodoso.WewilldiscussinthisChapter.(1)Ted’spuppyisseriouslyill.asserted:thehealthconditionofTed’spet.Unasserted:a)The

4、reisamancalledTed.b)Tedhasapuppy.Hedoessobecauseheassumesthattheinformationisalreadyknowntothehearer.(2)TheSmithsregrethavingboughtahousesoclosetotheairport.Tell:Smiths’sfeelingabouthavingboughtahousesoclosetotheairport.Notnecessarytotell:Smithshaveboughtahouseclosetotheairport

5、.Presuppositioncanbeinformallydefinedasaninferenceorpropositionwhosetruthistakenforgrantedintheutteranceofasentence.Itsmainfunctionistoactasapreconditionofsomesortfortheappropriateuseofthatsentence.Thisbackgroundassumptionwillremaininforcewhenthesentencethatcontainsitisnegated.

6、Presupposition:issomethingthespeakerassumestobethecasepriortomakinganutterance.Soitisspeakers,notsentences,thathavepresuppositions.8.2Pre-pragmaticstudiesofpresupposition8.2.1Philosophers’studiesofpresuppositionStudiesofpresuppositionoriginatedwiththephilosophers,whoseinteresti

7、npresuppositionstemmedfromtheirdebateonthenatureofreference（所指）andreferringexpressions（所指词语）.ThefirstphilosopherFrege(German):“ifanythingisassertedthereisalwaysanobviouspresuppositionthatthesimpleorcompoundpropernamesusedhaveareference.”（声言中的专用名词必有所指）Heusedthefollowingsentences

8、asanexample:(1)Keplerdiedinmisery.ThepropernameKeplerm