语用学 常月圆

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1、PragmaticsChangYueyuan11201404312021/10/52Contents1TheDefinitionofPragmatics2SpeechActTheory3ClassifyingSpeechActs4ConversationalImplicature4.1CooperativePrinciple(CP)4.2CategoriesofMaximsinCP4.3ViolationoftheMaxims5References1DefinitionofPragmaticsPragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersu

2、sethesentencesofalanguagetoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.Thestudyoflanguageinuse.2SpeechActTheoryJohnAustin(1911-1960)HowtoDoThingswithWords(1962)speechacts:actionsperformedviautterances2.1PerformativesandConstativesConstatives叙事句Performatives施为句6Constatives:utteranceswhichroughlyservestostatea

3、fact,reportthatsomethingisthecase,ordescribewhatsomethingis,eg:IgototheparkeverySunday.IteachEnglish.7Performatives:utteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts,donotdescribeorreportanythingatall;theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction;theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Performativeverbs:name,bet,etc.

4、8Ido.InamethisshipQueenElizabeth.Igiveandbequeathmywatchtomybrother.Ipromisetofinishitintime.Ideclarethemeetingopen.Iwarnyouthatthebullwillcharge.9FeaturesofPerformativesFirstpersonsingularsubject第一人称单数主语Speechactverbs/performativeverbs:Simplepresenttense一般现在时Indicativemood陈述语气Activevoice主动态10I

5、promisetobethere.I’llbethere.IadmitIwaswrong.Iwasfoolish.Ithankyou.I’mverygrateful.Iapologize.I’msorry.Iorderyoutositdown.Youmustsitdown.2.2IllocutionaryActTheory行事行为/施为行为理论Speechactscanbeanalyzedon3levels:Level1Alocutionaryact发话行为/言内行为:theactofsayingsomethinginthefullsenseof“say”.12Morning!Le

6、vel2Anillocutionaryact行事行为:anactperformedinsayingsomething.Tosaysomethingistodosomething.1314Morning!＝Sheofferedagreeting.Level3Theperlocutionaryact成事行为/取效行为theactpreformedbyorasaresultofsaying,theeffectsonthehearer.Bysayingxanddoingy,Ididz(thewordsandactionswillhavedifferenteffectsonthehearer)

7、.Level316AshowoffriendshipAninstanceofhypocrisyORTheeffectofthespeaker’swordsmaybenotwhatthespeakeroriginallyintended,butitisstillaperlucutionaryactperformedbyhimorher.Illocutionaryactisrelatedtothespeaker’sintentionandperlocution