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1、EQUALITYANDFREEDOMOFEXPRESSION:THEHATESPEECHDILEMMATONIM.MASSARO*"Theplainfactisthatnotallfreespeechisgoodspeech.Whichmeansthatfreedomofspeechisnotalwaysasoundorjustpublicpolicy."'"Itiscentraltotheideaofaliberalsocietythat,inrespecttowordsasopposedtodeeds,persu
2、asionasopposedtoforce,anythinggoes...Aliberalsocietyisonewhichiscontenttocall'true'whatevertheupshotof[freeandopen]encountersturns'2outtobe.I.HarryKalven,Jr.,oncewrote:"OneistemptedtosaythatitwillbeasignthattheNegroproblemhasbasicallybeensolvedwhentheNegrobegin
3、stoworryaboutgroup-libelprotection."3IfKalvenwasright,thenperhapsonerayofhoperelievesthebleakevidenceofalackofprogress,ifnotadownrightretrench-ment,inthestruggletoovercomeracism.Inrecentyears,severalstatisticalsourceshaveindicatedthatbias-motivatedphysicalviole
4、nceandverbalhostilitiesareontherise.4Collegecampusesinparticularhavereportedanalarmingincreaseinverbalalter-cationsinwhichminorityandwomenstudentshavebeenthetargetsofdemeaning,sometimesviciousexpression.5Thesere-*ProfessorofLaw,UniversityofArizonaSchoolofLaw.B.
5、S.,NorthwesternUniver-sity,1977;J.D.,Marshall-WytheSchoolofLaw,CollegeofWilliamandMary,1980.1.W.BERNS,FREEDOM,VIRTUEANDTHEFIRSTAMENDMENT125(1957).2.R.RORTY,CONTINGENCY,IRONY,ANDSOLIDARITY51-52(1989).3.H.KALVEN,JR.,THENEGROANDTHEFIRSTAMENDMENT11(1966).4.See,e.g.
6、,1SYNTHESIS:LAWANDPOLICYINHIGHEREDUCATIONNo.1,at1(Jan.1989);Goleman,AsBiasCrimeSeemstoRise,ScientistsStudyRootsofRacism,N.Y.Times,May29,1990,atC1,col.1(reportingonthedatathatindicatethathatecrimeshaveincreasedsince1988).Firmerfiguresonbiascrimesmaysoonbeforthco
7、ming,insofarastheJusticeDepartment,pursuanttoanewlaw,willconductafive-yearstudyofcrimesmotivatedbyracial,religious,ethnic,orsexualprejudice.TheauthorizingstatuteistheHateCrimeStatisticsAct,Pub.L.No.101-275,1990U.S.CODECONG.&ADMIN.NEWS(104Stat.)140(approvedApr.2
8、3,1990).SeeRosenthal,PresidentSignsLawforStudyofHateCrimes,N.Y.Times,Apr.24,1990,atB6,col.6.5.See,e.g.,Cole,BackgroundtotheUniversityofMichiganPolicyDevelopment,inREGULATING
