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1、1PrinciplesofCompositionandCriteriaofIdentityKatherineHawley,UniversityofStAndrewsAbstract:Iarguethat,despitevanInwagen’spessimismaboutthetask,itisworthlookingforanswerstohisGeneralCompositionQuestion.Suchanswersor‘principlesofcomposition’tellusabouttherelationshipbetweenanobjectanditsparts.Icom
2、pareprinciplesofcompositionwithcriteriaofidentity,arguingthat,justasdifferentsortsofthingsatisfydifferentcriteriaofidentity,theymaysatisfydifferentprinciplesofcomposition.Varietyincriteriaofidentityisnottakentoreflectontologicalvarietyintheidentityrelation;Idiscusswhethervarietyinprinciplesofcom
3、positionshouldbetakentoreflectontologicalvarietyinthecompositionrelation.1.IntroductionInhisagenda-settingMaterialBeings,PetervanInwagendistinguishesa‘general’questionaboutcompositionfromtwo‘special’questions[1990].TheGeneralCompositionQuestionasksabouttherelationshipbetweenawholeandtheobjectswh
4、ichjointlycomposeit;theSpecialCompositionQuestionasksabouttherelationshipwhichholdsamongstsomeobjectswhentheyjointlycomposeawhole;theInverseSpecialCompositionQuestionasksaboutthepropertyanobjectinstantiateswhenithasproperparts.VanInwagendevotesmostofhisbooktoansweringtheSpecialCompositionQuestio
5、n;thereisnowasubstantialbodyofliteratureonthisissue[e.g.Markosian1998a;Merricks2001;Sider2001].TheInverseSpecialCompositionQuestionisaddressedinrecentworkbyNedMarkosianandothersonmereologicalsimples[Markosian1998b].ButtheGeneralCompositionQuestionhasbeenneglected,followingvanInwagen’spessimistic
6、lead:‘IaminclinedtothinkthatthereisnowayofansweringtheGeneralCompositionQuestion...WhatIamsureofisthatIknowofnowaytoanswer,oreventoapproach,theGeneralCompositionQuestion’[1990:51].1ThispaperwaswrittenduringresearchleavefundedfirstbytheArtsandHumanitiesResearchBoard,andthenbyaPhilipK.LeverhulmePr
7、ize;Iamgratefultobothorganisationsandtomycolleaguesformakingthispossible.Forphilosophicalinput,IamgratefultoJohnHawthorne,HudHudson,NedMarkosian,HughMellor,DanielNolan,JoshParsons,theaudienceatthe2005StAndrewsPartsWorkshop,a
