(5)New England Transcendentalism

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1、NewEnglandTranscendentalismNewEnglandTranscendentalismcameintobeingaround1830sto1840sinBostonregion.Itisapowerfulromanticrevolutiononhumanthoughtsanditsbasicspiritistochallengeagainsttraditionalrationalism,especiallyCalvinismwhichisthebasicdoctrineofpuritanism.Reasonsforareligiousrevo

2、lutionQ:WhytheywanttosearchforarevolutionagainstCalvinism?lUnreasonablenessofPuritanismThebirthplaceofTranscendentalism,NewEngland,isthebaseofAmericanPuritanismwhichpreachestotaldepravityandtheirresistiblegraceofGod.Althoughthisdoctrinecouldhelppuritansfindtheirsenseofbelongingandmiss

3、ionandhadexertedagreatinfluenceontheexploitationandexpansionofAmericancolony,whenitcameintotheeraofEmerson,itbecameunreasonableandold-fashioned.lThecruelandtyrannicimageofGodFor19th-century-NewEnglanders,theimageofGodpreachedbyCalvinismissocruel,tyrannicthattheyarehardlytoaccept.Accor

4、dingtothedoctrineofCalvinism,theimageofGodisdifferentfromitdescribedintheBible,whoiskindandsympathetic.Inthemeanwhile,theemphasisontheoriginalsin,totaldepravityandincapabilitytoseekforself-salvationbyCalvinismmadethemhumiliatedandpromotethemtoresorttoarevolution.ForeigninfluencesNewEn

5、glandTranscendentalismwastheproductofacombinationofforeigninfluencesandtheAmericanPuritantradition.lTheviewpointofJonathanEdwardsThebasisviewpointofTranscendentalismcanbefaintlyfoundintheviewpointofJonathanEdwards,whobelievesthatmencancommunicatewithGodthroughtheirintuitivemeditation.

6、TheEdwardiannotionofinwardcommunicationofthesoulwithGodanddivinesymbolismofnatureallfindadequateexpressioninEmersonianTranscendentalism.ThisviewpointundoubtedlygaveaheavyblowtowardthestrictdoctrineofCalvinism.lIdealisticphilosophyfromGermanyandFranceTranscendentalismcanbesaidtohavebeg

7、unwiththeintroductionofidealisticphilosophyfromGermanyandFrance.TheidealisticconceptsofKant(康德),Schelling（谢林）andFichte（斐布特）foundtheirwaytoAmerica.lOrientalmysticismandChineseConfuciusandMencius(东方神秘主义和孔孟之道)WeshouldmakeclearthatthemajortranscendentalistsareallacquaintedwithOrientalphil

8、osoph