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1、TranscendentalismNewEnglandTranscendentalismAperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature,fromthe1830sroughlyuntiltheendoftheAmericanCivilWarcameofageasanexpressionofanationalspirit.OneofthemostimportantinfluencesintheperiodwasthatoftheTranscendentalists,includingRa
2、lphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreau.contributedtothefoundingofanewnationalculturebasedonnativeelements.In1836,Naturewaspublished,whichmadeatremendousimpactontheintellectuallifeofAmerica.ItpushedAmericanRomanticismintoanewphase,thephaseofNewEnglandTranscendentalism,thes
3、ummitofAmericanliterature.TheTranscendentalClubIn1836,aninformalgroupmetinConcord,Massachusetts,todiscusstheology,philosophy,andliterature.Good-intentionedneighborsbegancallingthegroupmembersTranscendentalistssincetheyalwaysengagedinloftydiscourses.Theyacceptedthenam
4、e.Theclubcontinuedinformally.ItinvolvedclergymensuchasTheodoreParker,GeorgeRipley,andJamesFreemanClarke,learnedpeoplesuchasElizabethPeabody,SophiaThoreau,HenryDavidThoreau,BronsonAlcott,NathanielHawthorne.EmersonwasultimatelythemostrepresentativeTranscendentalist,but
5、WilliamElleryChanningwastheonewhohadplantedtheseedsbeforeEmerson.TheTranscendentalClubsponsoredtwomajoractivities:First,between1840-1844,theypublishedsixteenissuesofTheDial,aquarterly.MargaretFullerwasthefirsteditor.ThenEmersontookover,withtheassistanceofThoreau.Seco
6、nd,theyestablishedin1841BrookFarm,aUtopiancommunityinwhichindividualsweresupposedtobebetterenabledtowardsself-realization.Theexperimentendedinfailurein1847.TranscendentalismasaphilosophyAsanintensifiedexpressionofRomanticism,Transcendentalismsharestheromanticcharacte
7、ristics.Theimportanceofintuition:Transcendentalism,asawayofknowing,believesthatindividualscanintuitivelyreceivehighertruthsotherwiseunavailablethroughcommonmethodsofknowing,thustranscendingthelimitsofrationalism.Morespecially,thevisibleworld,ifintuitedwithimagination
8、,offersendlesscluesabouttheinvisibleworldwhosetruthsstandeternallybehindthefactualworldperceivedbythesenses.theexaltationoftheindiv