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1、1592•TheJournalofNeuroscience,January29,2014•34(5):1592–1598Behavioral/CognitiveStructuralMaturationandBrainActivityPredictFutureWorkingMemoryCapacityduringChildhoodDevelopmentHenrikUllman,RitaAlmeida,andTorkelKlingbergDepartmentofNeuroscience,KarolinskaInstitutet,17177Stockholm,SwedenHumanworkin
2、gmemorycapacitydevelopsduringchildhoodandisastrongpredictoroffutureacademicperformance,inparticular,achievementsinmathematicsandreading.Predictingworkingmemorydevelopmentisimportantfortheearlyidentificationofchildrenatriskforpoorcognitiveandacademicdevelopment.Hereweshowthatstructuralandfunctiona
3、lmagneticresonanceimagingdataexplainvarianceinchildren’sworkingmemorycapacity2yearslater,whichwasuniquevarianceinadditiontothatpredictedusingcognitivetests.Whilecurrentworkingmemorycapacitycorrelatedwithfrontoparietalcorticalactivity,thefuturecapacitycouldbeinferredfromstructureandactivityinbasal
4、gangliaandthalamus.Thisgivesanovelinsightintotheneuralmechanismsofchildhooddevelopmentandsupportstheideathatneuroimagingcanhaveauniqueroleinpredictingchildren’scognitivedevelopment.IntroductionmatetheageofchildrenfrompatternsofbrainactivityDevelopmentofcognitivefunctionsduringchildhoodandado-(Dos
5、enbachetal.,2010).Hereweusedthesameapproachandalescenceisanimportantfoundationforacademicachievementlongitudinaldesigntoinvestigatethepotentialforneuroimagingandsocialfunctioning.Inparticular,workingmemory(WM)topredictfuturecognitivecapacity,inparticular,performancecapacity,theabilitytokeepinform
6、ationonlineforashortperiodonavisuospatialWMtask.Next,wetestedwhetherneuroimag-oftimeforcognitiveprocessing,isoneofthestrongestpredictorsingcancontributetothepredictionbeyondwhatcanbeinferredoffutureachievementsinmathematicsandreading(Gathercolefromcognitivetests.etal.,2004;DumontheilandKlingberg,
7、2012).NeuroimagingMaterialsandMethodscouldpossiblyhavearoleinidentifyingchildrenatriskforpoorParticipants.Subjectsinthecurrentstudywererandomlyselectedfromacognitivedevelopment,butitisunclearwhetherneuroimaginglargerpo
