外语学习中的‘虚’与‘实’

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1、外语学习中的‘虚’与‘实’陈文存西华师范大学外国语学院What’sEnglishfor“虚”and“实”？Void,empty,invain,false,weak,abstrct,humble,timid,false,modest？Invisible,withoutforms,intangible,non-physicalVisible,withforms,tangible,physical1.学习内容的虚与实实，有形的（Explicitknowledge）读音规则（大部分）、拼写规则、单词、短语及其用法、语法规则、修辞手段（但何时用，什么场合用很难用语言讲清楚）

2、、基本篇章结构、衔接手段、部分文化知识、各学科知识。Anythingthatmakeslearnersawareofrulesisexplicit.Toknowaboutlanguage虛，无形的（Implicitknowledge&languagecommunicativecompetence）地道的语音语调、地道得体的表达、目的语交际策略、语言风格、言语技能、跨文化交际能力、文化敏感性、意识理念、人文素养、非语言交际、语言思维、价值观等。语感Toknowoflanguage&cultureImplicitandexplicitknowledgeExplicit

3、knowledgeisknowledgeabouttheL2.Itcanbebrokendownintoanalysedknowledgeandmetalanguage.Implicitknowledgeisknowledgeoflanguage.Itistypicallymanifestedinsomeformofnaturallyoccurringlanguagebehaviourandcannoteasilybeaccessedseparatelyfromthisbehaviour.Itis‘unanalysed’inthesensethatlanguage

4、usersarenotawareoftheknowledgetheyhold.Declarative&proceduralknowledgeAnderson(1983)distinguishedbetweendeclarativeandproceduralknowledge,suggestingthatknowledgeisgraduallyrestructuredfromoneformofrepresentationtoanother.Declarativeknowledgeisexplicitandencyclopedicinnature.(knowingth

5、at)Declarativeknowledgeoflanguageinvolvesbothknowledgeofabstractrulesandknowledgeoffragmentsandexemplars.Proceduralknowledgeishighlyautomated.Thistypeofknowledgeresultswhenthelearnergainsgreatercontroloverthefragmentsandexemplarsandalsorestructuresdeclarativeknowledgeofrulesintoif-the

6、nproductionsofincreasingdelicacy.(knowinghow)Implicitknowledgeinvolvesautomaticprocessing;explicitknowledgeentailscontrolledprocessing.KeycharacteristicsofimplicitandexplicitknowledgeCharacteristicsImplicitknowledgeExplicitknowledgeAwarenessIntuitiveawarenessofConsciousawarenessofling

7、uisticnormslinguisticnormsTypeofknowledgeProceduralknowledgeofDeclarativeknowledgeofrulesandfragmentsgrammaticalrulesandfragmentsSystematicityVariablebutsystematicAnomalousandinconsistentknowledgeknowledgeAccessibilityAccesstoknowledgeAccesstoknowledgebybymeansofautomaticmeansofcontro

8、lledp