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1、Chapter4StatesofConsciousnessYonghuiWangSchoolofPsychologyShaanxiNormalUniversity2009.2.16Chapter4 StatesofConsciousnessOurgoals:Describethestageofsleepanddreaming.ExplainwhyREMsleepisalsocalledparadoxicalsleep.Explainthetheoriesofthenatureandcontentofdreams.Describemedita
2、tionandhypnosis.Identifytwoconditionsthatcandeterminetheeffectsofdrugs.Listtwonegativeeffectofeachofthefollowingdrugs:alcohol,marijuana,amphetamines,barbiturates,theopiates,cocaine,andthehallucinogens.7/15/20212Chapter4OutlineWhatisconscious?Whatcyclesoccurineverydayconsci
3、ousness?Whatotherformscanconsciousnesstake?TheConsciousandNonconsciousSleepDreamsHypnosisandMeditation（催眠和冥想）DrugUse7/15/20213TheconsciousandNonconscious意识和无意识ConsciousnessTheprocessbywhichthebraincreatesamodelofinternalandexternalexperience.NonconsciousprocessesAnybrainpr
4、ocessthatdoesnotinvolveconsciousprocessing.Preconsciousmemories（前意识）NotinconsciousnesscurrentlybutcanberecalledUnconscious（潜意识）ClassicFreudiantheoryModerncognitivepsychologists7/15/20214UnconsciousInclassicFreudiantheory,apartofthemindthathousesmemories,desires,andfeelings
5、thatwouldbethreateningifbroughttoconsciousness.Manymoderncognitivepsychologistsviewtheunconsciousinlesssinisterterms,merelyasacollectionofmentalprocessesthatoperateoutsideofawareness—butnottypicallysuppressinginformationorworkingatoddswithconsciousness7/15/20215Thestageofs
6、leepStage1Relativelyrapid,low-amplitudebrainStage2Slower,moreregularwavepattern,sleepspindles.Stage3Slower,higherpeaksandlowervalleysStage4Evenslower,moreregular,leastresponsivetooutsidestimulationREMsleep(RapidEyeMovement)（快速眼动）7/15/202167/15/20217Hoursofsleep7/15/20218Fe
7、atureofsleepThe90-minutecycles,4~6timespernight’ssleep.Theoccurrenceofdeepestsleepnearthebeginningofthenight.IncreaseinREMdurationassleepprogress.only10minutesatthefirstcycle,nearlyanhoursatthelastcycle.7/15/20219REMsleepOccursapproximatelyevery90minutes,20percentofadults’
8、totalsleepingtime.Burstsofrapideyemovementsoccurringunderclosedeyelids.Sleepparalysis（睡眠性
