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《(普特南) Putnam - 2002 - 'Are Values Made Or Discovered'》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、AREVALUESMADEORDISCOVERED?197WhileHobbes'spositionwithrespecttolegalvaliditycontinuestohaveitsdefenders,hisconceptionofmoralvaliditydoesnot;noonetodaydefendstheviewthat(moral)rightandwrongarewhat-everthesovereignsaystheyare.Forthatreason,questionsaboutmoralvalidityandlegalvaliditynowhavetobeds
2、tinguished,evenifattheendwefacethequestionastotheexactrelationbetweenthem.ADEWEYANVIEWOFVALUATIONMyownanswertothequestion,"Arevaluesmadeordiscovered,"istheonethatIbelieveJohnDeweywouldhavegiven,namelythatwemakewaysofdealingwithproblematicalsituationsandwedis-coverwhichonesarebetterandwhichwors
3、e.Obviouslyagooddealhastobesaidaboutwhatthismeansandwhyandhowitisre-sponsivetothequestion.Itwillseemunresponsivetothequestionifonesupposesthatthejudgmentthatonewayofsolvingaproblemisbetterthanan-othermustalwaysbeapurely"instrumental"judgmentintheclas-1BELIEVETHAT,inacertainway,thefirstmodernph
4、iloso-sicalsense,thatis,mustbenomorethanajudgmenttotheeffectphertoraisethequestionastowhethervalues-bothlegalandthatputativesolutionAismoreefficientthanproposedsolutionBmoralvalues-are"madeordiscovered"wasHobbes.Hobbes'swithrespecttovaluesandgoalsalreadyassumed(withrespecttoviewwasthatmoralval
5、uesandlegalvaluesareofessentiallythewhatDeweycalls"endsinview").Butthisisnotthewaythatsamekindandthatmoraljudgmentsandlegaljudgmentsalikebe-Deweyseesmatters.Forhlm"inquiry"inthewidestsense,thatiscomeintersubjectivelyvalidwhentheyaredeclaredtobesobyhumandealingswithproblematicalsituations,invol
6、vesincessant"thesovereign."InHobbes'sview,thereislittlepointtodistinguish-reconsiderationofbothmeansandends;itisnotthecasethateachingbetweenmoralandlegalvalidity,andHobbes,infact,doesnotperson'sgoalsarecastinconcreteintheformofa"rationalprefer-usuallysodistinguish.(Indeed,inHobbes'sview,evenca
7、sesofencefunction"thatissomehowmysteriouslyimbeddedinhisorvagueness[ofwords],whentheyresultincontention,aretobere-herindividualmind,orthatallweareallowedtodoaslongaswesolvedinthesameway,byanappropriatestipulationof"thesover-are"rational
