(普特南) Putnam - 1981 - 'Philosophers and Human Understanding'

(普特南) Putnam - 1981 - 'Philosophers and Human Understanding'

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时间:2019-07-01

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1、PHILOSOPHERSANDHUMANUNDERSTANDINGcorrect,butcontainsadeeplesson,andnotjustalessonaboutlogicalpositivism.PhilosophersandhumanunderstandingThepointIamgoingtodevelopwilldependonthefollowingobservation:theformsof'verification'allowedbythelogicalpositivistsareforms

2、whichhavebeeninstitutionalizedbymodernsociety.Whatcanbe'verified'inthepositivistsensecanbeverifiedtobecorrect(inanon-philosophicalorpre-philosophicalsenseof'correct'),ortobeprobablycorrect,ortobehighlysuccessfulIfindmyselfinthepositionthatJeromeBruner(1976)fou

3、ndhimselfscience,asthecasemaybe;andthepublicrecognitionoftheinafewyearsbeforeme.IagreedtogiveaHerbertSpencerlecture;correctness,ortheprobablecorrectness,orthe'highlysuccessfulIplannedtogivealectureonthetopicofscientificexplanation;Iscientifictheory'status,exem

4、plifies,celebrates,andreinforcesintendedtodiscussaparticularcontroversyinthatfield,thecon-imagesofknowledgeandnormsofreasonablenessmaintainedbythetroversyaboutwhetherscientifictheoriesare'incommensurable',culture.aboutwhetherthereisany'convergence'inscientific

5、knowledge;butTheoriginalpositivistparadigmofverificationwasnotthispubliclyIfeltincreasingdissatisfactionwiththisentireideaasthedayinstitutionalizedone,itistrue.InCarnap'sLogischeAufbauderWeltapproached.Bruner'sdissatisfactionledhimtosomereflections(TheLogicalC

6、onstructionoftheWorld)verificationwasultimatelyaboutthehistoryandpresentstateofpsychology.Iintendtofollowprivate,basedonsensationswhosesubjectivequalityor'content'hisexampleandruminateontheactivityitself,theactivityofwassaidtobe'incommunicable'.But,undertheurg

7、ingsofNeurath,philosophyofscience,inmyowncase,andoncertaindissatisfactionsCarnapsoonshiftedtoamorepublic,more'inter-subjective',Ifeelwiththewaythatactivityhasbeenpursued,ratherthandiscussconceptionofverification.aparticularissuewithinit.However,theparticularis

8、sueImentionedPopperhasstressedtheideathatscientificpredictionsarecon-willcomeupinthecourseoftheseruminations.frontedwith'basicsentences',sentencessuchas'therightpanofthebalanceisdo

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