(普特南) Putnam - 1994 - 'Reichenbach and the Myth of the Given'

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1、6.ReichenbachandtheMythoftheGivenFewphilosophersanylongerbelievethatphenomenalreportsarein-corrigible.Isuspectthatifyouaskedagraduatestudentonthestreet,"Whowasresponsibleforoverthrowingtheviewthatreportsofsub-jectiveexperiencerepresentabsolutelycertainknowledge?"heorshewouldprobablynameWilfri

2、dSellars,whoseprofoundmonograph-lengthessay"EmpiricismandthePhilosophyofMind"*hasbeenpraisedbyRichardRort?forprovidinguswithadefinitiverefutationof"themythofthegiven."However,anexaminationofthatessayshowsthatquestionsofcertaintyplayalmostnoroleinSellars'dis-cussion.HereIwanttodiscussalecturet

3、hatwasdeliveredfouryearsbefore"EmpiricismandthePhilosophyofMind"appeared,alecture*whichcontainsthebestdiscussionIknowofthisveryquestion:HansReichenbach's"ArePhenomenalReportsAbsolutelyCertain?"3Reichenbach'slecturewasgiveninasymposiumentitled"TheExpe-rientialElementinKnowledge"withNelsonGoodm

4、an4andC.I.Lewiss--surelyoneofthemostdistinguishedsymposiaofthesecondhalfofthiscentury!-andittooktheviewsofC.I.Lewisasitstarget.Sellarsonthe"MythoftheGiven"Forthesakeofcontrast,letmefirstsayawordaboutSellars'strategyin"EmpiricismandthePhilosophyofMind."UnlikeReichenbach,Sellarswasnotamonisticm

5、aterialist;althoughthisisnotmentionedin"EmpiricismandthePhilosophyofMind"it~elf,~Sellarsretainsajdualisticelementinhisontology.Thereare"rawfeels,"and"rawfeels"arenotreducibletobrainstatesoranythingofthatkind.None-theless,therearestrongpointsofagreementbetweenSellars'essay115116TheLegacyofLogi

6、calPositivismandReichenbach'searlierlecture.Forexample,ReichenbachandSel-larsbothclaimthatthesense-datumtheoristspostulatedmentalob-jectsthatweperceivewhenwehavephenomenalexperience(Berkeley's"ideas,"orHume's"ideasandimpressions,"orRussell'sandG.E.Moore's"sensedata"),whentheyshouldratherhavei

7、n-ferredtheexistenceofaspecialclassofstatesthatweareinwhenweperceivephysicalobjects.AccordingtobothReichenbachandSellars,whatweperceivearenotourownphenomenalexperiencesbutthings,animalsandvegetablesandpeopleandartifactsandhillsandrivers,etc.W