(普特南) Putnam - 1981 - 'Two conceptions of Rationality'

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1、102Mindandbodyqualiawedo;butwewouldnotthinkofthisanymoreoftenthanwethinkofthequestionwhetherbatsordogshavethesamequaliawedo.)Suppose,however,weencounteredhydra-headedrobots.(Imaginethattheyactuallyevolvedbysomebiologicalprocesssomewhere,justasanimalsins

2、ymbioticrela-tionshpsevolveonearth.)Whatwouldwefeelaboutthem?Whileonecannotreallyfeelsureaboutsobizarreacase,itseemsthatevenhere(ifweinteractedmostlywiththewholeTwoconceptionsofrationalityrobotandonlyrarelywithitsconscious'neurons'-the'boyscoutsandgirls

3、couts'ofmystory)wemightbegintoattributeconsciousness;butprobablywewouldalwaysbedividedinouropinions.Ifwecametobesurethatthehydra-headedrobotswereconscious,thenmightwebegintobeever-so-slightlyqueasyabouttheUnitedStates?Idonotknow.TheperspectiveIurgewithr

4、especttoallofthesecasesisthatIntheprecedingchaptersIhavespokenofrationalityandofthereisnothinghiddenhere,nonoumenalfactoftheentities''rationalacceptability'.Butrationalityisnotaneasythingtoreallybeingconsciousorreallynotbeingconscious,orofthegiveanaccou

5、ntof.qualities'reallybeingthesameorreallybeingdifferent.ThereTheproblemisnotwithoutanaloguesinotherareas.Someareonlytheobviousempiricalfacts:thatrocksandnationsareyearsagoIstudiedthebehaviorofnaturalkindwords,forgrosslydissimilarfrompeopleandanimals;tha

6、trobotsofvar-example,gold,andIcametotheconclusionthattheextensioniouskindsareinbetweensortsofobjects;andsoon.Rocksandofthetermisnotsimplydeterminedbya'batteryofsemanticalnationsaren'tconscious;thatisafactaboutthenotionofcon-rules',orotherinstitutionaliz

7、ednorms.Thenormsmaydeter-sciousnessweactuallyhave.minethatcertainobjectsareparadigmaticexamplesofgold;butWhatmakesthislineseemsodisturbingisthatitmakesourtheydonotdeterminethefullextensionoftheterm,norisitstandardsofrationalacceptability,justificationan

8、dultimatelyimpossiblethatevenaparadigmaticexampleshouldturnoutoftruth,dependentonstandardsofsimilaritywhichareclearlynottoreallybegold,asitwouldbeifthenormssimplydefinedtheproductofourbiologicalandculturalheritage(e.g.whetherwhat