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《(奎因) W.V. Quine - 1969 - 'Natural Kinds'》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、Chapter8NaturaIKindsW.V.0.@ineWhattendstoconfirmaninduction?ThisquestionhasbeenaggravatedontheonehandbyHempel'spuzzleofthenon-blacknon-ravens,'andexacerbatedontheotherbyGoodman'spuzzleofthegrueemeralds.'Ishallbeginmyremarksbyrelatingtheonepuzzletotheother,andtheothertoaninnateRairthatwehave
2、fornaturalkinds.ThenIshalldevotetherestolthechaptertoreflectionsanthenatureofthisnationofnaturalkindsanditsrelationtoscience.Hempel'spuzzleisthatjustaseachblackraventendstoconfirmthelawthatallravensareblack,soeachgreenleaf,beinganon-blacknon-raven,shouldtendtoconfirmthelawthatallnon-blackth
3、ingsarenon-ravens,thatis,again,thatallravensareblack.Whatisparadoxicalisthatagreenleafshouldcounttowardthelawthatallravensareblack.Goodmanpropoundshispuzzlebyrequiringustoimaginethatemeralds,havingbeenidentifiedbysomecriterionotherthancolor,arenowbeingexaminedoneafteranotherandalluptonoware
4、foundtobegreen.Thenheproposestocal!anythinggnrethatisexaminedtodayorearlierandfoundtobegreenorisnotexaminedbeforetomorrowandisblue.Shouldweexpectthefirstoneexaminedtomomowtobegreen,becauseallexamineduptonowweregreen7Butallexamineduptonowwerealsogrue:sowhynotexpectthefirskonetomorrowtobegrue
5、,andthereforeblue?Thepredicate"green,"Goodmansaysd3isprojcctible;"grue"isnot.Hesaysthisbywayofputtinganametotheproblem.Hissteptowardsolutionishisdoctrineofwhathecallsentrenchment,'whichIshaHtouchonlater.MeanwhiletheterminologicalpointissimplythatprojecHblepredicatesarepredicates[andqwhosesh
6、aredinstancesalldocount,forwhateverreason,kowardconfirmationof[AII(areql.NowIproposeassirnilalingHempel'spuzzletoGoodman'sbyinferringfromHempel'sthatthecemplemenkofaprajectiblepredicateneednotbeproiectible,'lbven"and"black"areproiedible;ablackravendoescounttoward'Allravensareblack."Henceabl
7、ackravencountsalso,indirectly,toward"Allnon-blackthingsarenon-ravens,"sincethissaysthesamething.ButagreenIeafdoesnotcounttoward'AHnon-blackthingsarenon-ravens,"nor,therefore,toward"Allravensareblack;"non-black"and"non-raven"'arenotprojectible."Green"and"
