(欣蒂卡) Hintikka - 1975 - 'Behavioral Criteria of Radical Translation (with reply by Quine)'

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1、JAAKKOHINTIKKABEHAVIORALCRITERIAOFRADICALTRANSLATIONI.CANONICALIDIOMForallitsimpressivemerits,WordandObjectseemstomeabookwhosetwoendsdonotquitemeet.ThedifferenceinapproachbetweentheearlyandthelatepartsofWordandObjectisinfactquitestriking.Withsomeoversimplification,itcanbesaidthatthelastfewchapter

2、softhebookaredominatedbytheideaofcanonicalidiomofawell-knownquantificationalvariety.Problemsofvagueness,ambiguity,opacity,tense,modality,andonticcommitmentarestudiedpartlyorwhollybyshowinghowtheproblematicsentencescanbeparaphrasedintheappliedfirst-orderlanguagewhichservesasourcanonicalnotationorh

3、owthislanguagecaninotherwaysservethesamepurposesasthe'limpidvernacular'ofeverydaylifeaswellasofscience.ThisvernacularisourfamiliarEnglish.AsQuinewrites,inmostofthelaterpartsofWordandObject"thelanguageconcerned...isspecificallyEnglish"(op.cit.,p.80).Towhatextentcantheresultsofthesediscussionsbeext

4、endedtoaforeigntongue?TheycanbeextendedcompletelyifthisforeignlanguagecanbetranslatedintoEnglish.Theycanbeextendedpartlytoanotherlanguageifwecanrecognizequantificationalconceptsinit,i.e.ifwecantranslatethecanonicalquantificationalnotationintoit.Forinstance,suchatranslationwouldenableustodiscussth

5、eonticcommitmentsofthespeakersofthatforeigntonguealongthelinesofQuine'sowndis-cussionofonticcommitment.11.RADICALTRANSLATIONThesequestionsleadustothepreoccupationsoftheearlypartsofWordandObject,amongwhichtheproblemofradicaltranslationloomsespeciallylarge.Thesuccessofsuchtranslationiswhatwouldenab

6、leustorelatetheapparentlylanguage-boundconsiderationsofthelateJAAKKOHINTIKKAsectionstothegeneraldiscussionsaboutthewaysoflearningwords,stimulusmeaningandstimulusanalyticityintheearlychapters.However,thepossibilityofradicaltranslationisleftbyQuineun-systematizedanddependentessentiallyonamoreorless

7、bilingualtranslator'sanalyticalhypotheseswhichinprinciplecannevereliminatecompletelytheindeterminacyoftheenterprise.(Inparticular,thisin-determinacyaffectsthequestionofontologicalcommitment:cf.pp.242-243.)Quineasks"how