《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比英文pptCh3

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1、ThePracticeofSocialResearchEarlBabbieChapmanUniversityPart1AnIntroductiontoInquiryChapter1HumanInquiryandScienceChapterOutlineLookingforRealityTheFoundationsofSocialScienceSomeDialecticsofSocialResearchTheEthicsofSocialResearchHowWeKnowWhatWeKnowDirectExperienceandObservationPersonalInquiryTraditi

2、onAuthorityLookingforRealityOurattemptstolearnabouttheworldareonlypartlylinkedtodirect,personalinquiryorexperience.Alargerpartcomesfromagreed-onknowledgethatothersgiveus,things“everyoneknows.”Thisagreementrealitybothassistsandhindersourattemptstofindoutforourselves.SourcesofSecondhandKnowledgeBothpr

3、ovideastartingpointforinquiry,butcanleadustostartatthewrongpointandpushusinthewrongdirection.TraditionAuthorityScienceandInquiryEpistemologyisthescienceofknowing.Methodology(asubfieldofepistemology)mightbecalledthescienceoffindingout.QuestionHowdoindividualslearnalltheyneedtoknow?personalexperienceD

4、iscoveryfromwhatotherstellusallofthesechoicesAnswer:DIndividualslearnalltheyneedtoknowfrompersonalexperience,discoveryandfromwhatotherstellus.OrdinaryHumanInquiryHumansrecognizethatfuturecircumstancesarecausedbypresentones.Humanslearnthatpatternsofcauseandeffectareprobabilisticinnature.Humansaimtoan

5、swer“what”and“why”questions,andpursuethesegoalsbyobservingandfiguringout.Inquiry:ErrorsandSolutionsInaccurateobservationsMeasurementdevicesaddprecision.OvergeneralizationRepeatastudytomakesurethesameresultsareproducedeachtime.Inquiry:ErrorsandSolutionsSelectiveobservationMakeanefforttofindcasesthatd

6、onotfitthegeneralpattern.IllogicalReasoningUsesystemsoflogicexplicitly.ViewsofRealityPremodern-Thingsareastheyseemtobe.Modern-Acknowledgmentofhumansubjectivity.Postmodern-Thereisnoobjectiverealitytobeobserved.ABookAllofthesearethesamebook,butitlooksdifferentwhenviewedfromdifferentlocations,perspecti

7、ves,or“pointsofview.”PointofViewWife’sPointofView.Thereisnoquestioninthewife’smindastowhoisrightandrationalandwhoisoutofcontrol.PointofViewHusband’sPointofView.Thehusbandhasaverydifferentperceptionoft