《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比 英文ppt Ch1

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1、ThePracticeofSocialResearchEarlBabbieChapmanUniversityPart1AnIntroductiontoInquiryChapter1HumanInquiryandScienceChapterOutlineLookingforRealityTheFoundationsofSocialScienceSomeDialecticsofSocialResearchTheEthicsofSocialResearchHowWeKnowWhatWeKnowDirectExperience

2、andObservationPersonalInquiryTraditionAuthorityLookingforRealityOurattemptstolearnabouttheworldareonlypartlylinkedtodirect,personalinquiryorexperience.Alargerpartcomesfromagreed-onknowledgethatothersgiveus,things“everyoneknows.”Thisagreementrealitybothassistsandhi

3、ndersourattemptstofindoutforourselves.SourcesofSecondhandKnowledgeBothprovideastartingpointforinquiry,butcanleadustostartatthewrongpointandpushusinthewrongdirection.TraditionAuthorityScienceandInquiryEpistemologyisthescienceofknowing.Methodology(asubfieldofepistem

4、ology)mightbecalledthescienceoffindingout.QuestionHowdoindividualslearnalltheyneedtoknow?personalexperienceDiscoveryfromwhatotherstellusallofthesechoicesAnswer:DIndividualslearnalltheyneedtoknowfrompersonalexperience,discoveryandfromwhatotherstellus.OrdinaryHumanI

5、nquiryHumansrecognizethatfuturecircumstancesarecausedbypresentones.Humanslearnthatpatternsofcauseandeffectareprobabilisticinnature.Humansaimtoanswer“what”and“why”questions,andpursuethesegoalsbyobservingandfiguringout.Inquiry:ErrorsandSolutionsInaccurateobservation

6、sMeasurementdevicesaddprecision.OvergeneralizationRepeatastudytomakesurethesameresultsareproducedeachtime.Inquiry:ErrorsandSolutionsSelectiveobservationMakeanefforttofindcasesthatdonotfitthegeneralpattern.IllogicalReasoningUsesystemsoflogicexplicitly.ViewsofRealit

7、yPremodern-Thingsareastheyseemtobe.Modern-Acknowledgmentofhumansubjectivity.Postmodern-Thereisnoobjectiverealitytobeobserved.ABookAllofthesearethesamebook,butitlooksdifferentwhenviewedfromdifferentlocations,perspectives,or“pointsofview.”PointofViewWife’sPointofVie

8、w.Thereisnoquestioninthewife’smindastowhoisrightandrationalandwhoisoutofcontrol.PointofViewHusband’sPointofView.Thehusbandhasaverydifferentperceptionoft