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1、DefinitionofEnvironmentalImpactsThisappendixgivesanoverviewofthecalculationproceduretoestimatethecontributionsofenvironmentalburdensidentifiedintheInventoryAnalysisphasetothedifferentimpactcategories.Theprocedureisbasedontheproblem-orientedapproach1.Allimpactcategoriesarenorm
2、alisedtothefunctionalunit.ThenumericalvaluesoftheclassificationfactorsofsomeoftheburdensaregiveninTableA2.A2.1ABIOTICRESOURCEDEPLETIONAbioticresourcedepletionincludesdepletionofnonrenewableresources,i.e.fossilfuels,metalsandminerals.Thetotalimpactiscalculatedas:KBkE1=(–)(A2
3、.1)ec1,kk=1whereBkisthequantityofaresourceusedperfunctionalunitandec1,krepresentstotalestimatedworldreservesofthatresource.A2.2GLOBALWARMINGPOTENTIALGlobalwarmingpotential(GWP)iscalculatedasasumofemissionsofthegreenhousegases(CO2,N2O,CH4andVOCs)multipliedbytheirrespectiveGW
4、Pfactors,ec2,k:KE2=ec2,kBk(kg)(A2.2)k=1whereBkrepresentstheemissionofgreenhousegask.GWPfactors,ec2,k,fordifferentgreenhousegasesareexpressedrelativetotheglobalwarmingpotentialofCO2,whichisthereforedefinedtobeunity.ThevaluesofGWPdependonthetimehorizonoverwhichtheglobalwarmin
5、geffectisassessed.GWPfactorsforshortertimes(20and50years)provideanindicationoftheshort-termeffectsofgreenhousegasesontheclimate,whileGWPforlongerperiods(100and500years)areusedtopredictthecumulativeeffectsofthesegasesontheglobalclimate.Polymers,theEnvironmentandSustainableDe
6、velopment.A.Azapagic,A.Emsley,L.HamertonCopyright¶2003JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.ISBNs:0-471-87740-9(HB);0-471-87741-7(PB)polymers,theenvironmentA2.3OZONEDEPLETIONPOTENTIALandsustainabledevelopmentTheozonedepletionpotential(ODP)categoryindicatesthepotentialofemissionsofchlorofluoroh
7、ydrocarbons(CFCs)andchlorinatedhydrocarbons(HCs)fordepletingtheozonelayerandisexpressedas:KE3=ec3,kBk(kg)(A2.3)k=1whereBkistheemissionofozonedepletinggask.TheODPfactorsec3,kareexpressedrelativetotheozonedepletionpotentialofCFC-11.A2.4ACIDIFICATIONPOTENTIALAcidificationpoten
8、tial(AP)isbasedonthecontributionsofSO2,NOx,HCl,NH3,andHF+tothepotentialaciddeposit
