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1、27HumanImpactsonLacustrineEcosystemsRichardW.Battarbee,HelenBennion,PeterGellandNeilRose1INTRODUCTIONdirectlyandindirectly,throughairpollution,toriversandlakes.ManyhavebeenalteredLacustrineecosystemsvaryacrosstheworldbytheimpactofinvasivespeciesandthereintheirfo
2、rm,origin,ageandbiodiversityareconcernsovertheimpactofclimaterangingfromancientnaturallakesofTertiarychangeandlong-distanceatmosphericallyage,suchasLakeBaikalandTanganyika,totransportedpollutants,especiallynitrogen.newlycreatedartificiallakesandimpound-Indevelop
3、edcountriesinparticular,pro-mentsconstructedforhumanuse.Mostlakesgrammesofpollutioncontrolandhabitatthroughouttheworldhavebeenmodified,restorationareinplaceaimingtoimprovetheintentionallyorunintentionally,byhumanhealthoffreshwaterecosystems(e.g.,USactivity.Manya
4、reusedasasourceofwaterCleanWaterAct,EUWaterFrameworkforirrigation,drinkingwatersupplyandDirective,AustralianNationalWaterhydropower.LargelakesespeciallyhaveInitiative),buttheirsuccessisasyetlimitedbeenhydrologicallycontrolledtopreventandtheirfutureisuncertain.La
5、keecosys-floodingandmodifiedtocreatereservoirsfortemstypicallyareaffectedbymanystressespotablewatersupplycausinghabitatinstabil-actingtogether,ecologicalresiliencehasity,particularlyinthelittoralzones,andbeenreducedorlostandnewthreats,espe-waterabstractionindrya
6、ndsubhumidregionsciallyfromclimatechange,mayimpairres-oftheworldhavecausedsevereproblemsfortorationstrategies.flowandwater-levelcausing,insomecases,Identifyinganddisentanglingtherelativesalinisationorcompletedesiccation.rolesofdifferentkindsofhumanactivityonInad
7、ditiontosuchhydromorphologicallakeecosystemsischallenging.Itrequiresanmodificationslakeecosystemshavebeenunderstandingofprocessesthatoperateonsignificantlychangedovertimebyacceler-interannualanddecadaltimescalesfromtheatedinfillingratescausedbysoilerosion,byexam
8、inationandanalysisofhistoricalexcessivenutrientandorganicmatterload-records.Theseincludebothlong-termdataing,byaciddepositionfromfossilfuelcom-setsfrommonitoringprogr
