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1、Futures43(2011)740–748ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectFuturesjournalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/futuresHumannatureorhumannatures?PeterFrost*a/sBernardSaladind’Anglure,De´partementd’anthropologie,Universite´Laval,Que´becG1V0A6,CanadaARTICLEINFOABSTRACTArticlehistory:Moste
2、volutionarypsychologistsshareabeliefinonekeyconcept:theenvironmentofAvailableonline24May2011evolutionaryadaptedness(EEA),i.e.,theancestralenvironmentthatshapedtheheritablementalandbehavioraltraitsofpresent-dayhumans.ItisusuallyplacedintheAfricansavannahofthePleistocene,longbeforeo
3、urancestorsbegantospreadtoothercontinentssomefiftythousandyearsago.Thus,laterenvironmentshavenotgivenrisetonewtraitsthroughgeneticevolution.Thisbeliefrestsontwoarguments:1)suchtraitsarecomplexandthereforeevolvetooslowlytohavesubstantiallychangedoverthepastfiftythousandyears;2)becaus
4、ethesametimeframehasseenourspeciesdiversifyintomanyenvironments,recenttraitsshouldtendtobeenvironment-specificandhencepopulation-specific,yetsuchspecificityseemsinconsistentwiththehighgeneticoverlapamonghumanpopulations.Bothargumentsareweakerthantheyseem.Newcomplextraitscanariseovera
5、relativelyshorttimethroughadditions,deletions,ormodificationstoexistingcomplextraits,andgeneticoverlapcanbeconsiderableevenbetweenspeciesthataremorphologically,behaviorally,andphysiologicallydistinct.ThereisthusnoconceptualbarriertotheexistenceofEEAsinpost-Pleistocenetimes.Suchapar
6、adigmcouldshedlightonsuchresearchtopicsasthevisualwordformarea,reproductivestrategy,predispositiontoviolenceamongyoungmen,andpersonalitytraits.Eventually,amulti-EEAmodelmaydominateevolutionarypsychology,perhapsafteraninterimperiodofaccommodationwiththecurrentmodel.ß2011ElsevierLtd
7、.Allrightsreserved.1.ThecurrentmodelInevolutionarypsychology,onekeyconcepthasbeenthe‘environmentofevolutionaryadaptedness’(EEA).Thisistheancestralenvironmentthatpresumablymadeuswhatwearetoday.ItisusuallyplacedintheAfricansavannahofthePleistocene,longbeforemodernhumansbegantospread
8、toothercontinentssomefiftythousand
