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1、新释药系统研究进展Advancesindrugdeliverysystems张强北京大学药学院1Topicalepicutaneous(applicationontotheskin),e.g.allergytesting,typicallocalanesthesiainhalational,e.g.asthmamedicationsenema,e.g.contrastmediaforimagingoftheboweleyedrops(ontotheconjunctiva),e.g.antibioticsforconjunctivitiseardrops-suchasantibiot
2、icsandcorticosteroidsforotitisexternaintranasalroute(intothenose),e.g.decongestantnasalsprays.Nasaladministrationcanalsobeusedforsystemiceffect.vaginal,e.g.topicalestrogens,antibacterialsEnteralEnteralisanyformofadministrationthatinvolvesanypartofthegastrointestinaltract:bymouth(orally),manydr
3、ugsastablets,capsules,ordropsbygastricfeedingtube,duodenalfeedingtube,orgastrostomy,manydrugsandenteralnutritionrectally,variousdrugsinsuppositoryorenemaformParenteralbyinjectionorinfusionintravenous(intoavein),e.g.manydrugs,totalparenteralnutritionintraarterial(intoanartery),e.g.vasodilatordr
4、ugsinthetreatmentofvasospasmandthrombolyticdrugsfortreatmentofembolismintramuscular(intoamuscle),e.g.manyvaccines,antibiotics,andlong-termpsychoactiveagentsintracardiac(intotheheart),e.g.adrenalineduringcardiopulmonaryresuscitation(nolongercommonlyperformed)subcutaneous(undertheskin),e.g.insul
5、inintraosseousinfusion(intothebonemarrow)is,ineffect,anindirectintravenousaccessbecausethebonemarrowdrainsdirectlyintothevenoussystem.Thisrouteisoccasionallyusedfordrugsandfluidsinemergencymedicineandpaediatricswhenintravenousaccessisdifficult.intradermal,(intotheskinitself)isusedforsomeallerg
6、ens,andalsofortattoosintrathecal(intothespinalcanal)ismostcommonlyusedforspinalanesthesiaandchemotherapyintraperitoneal,(infusionorinjectionintotheperitoneum)e.g.peritonealdialysisIntravesicalinfusionisinfusionintotheurinarybladder.Otherparenteraltransdermal(diffusionthroughtheintactskin),e.g.
7、transdermalfentanylpatchesinpaintherapy,nicotinepatchesfortreatmentofaddictiontransmucosal(diffusionthroughamucousmembrane),e.g.insufflation(snorting)ofcocaine,sublingual,i.e.underthetongue,nitroglycerine,buccal(absorbedthroughcheeknear
