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1、Unit2HumanGrowthandDevelopmentHumangrowthanddevelopmentisaprocessthatbeginsatbirthanddoesn’tenduntildeath.Duringallstagesofgrowthanddevelopment,individualshavedifferentneedsthatmustbemet.Andasagingoccurs,certainphysical,psychological,andevensocialchangesalsooccurinallindividuals.Someindividualsc
2、anlearntoadapttoandcopewiththechanges,butothersexperiencesextremefrustrationandmentaldistress.Itisimportantforthehealthcareworkerstobeawareofthevariouslifestagesinordertoprovidequalityhealthcare.TextAConfusionandDisorientationintheElderlyAlthoughmostelderlyindividualsremainmentallyalertuntildeat
3、h,someexperienceofconfusionanddisorientation.Signsofconfusionordisorientationincludetalkingincoherently,notknowingtheirownnames,notrecognizingothers,wanderingaimlessly,lackingawarenessoftimeorplace,displayinghostileandcombativebehavior,hallucinating,regressinginbehavior,paylessintentiontopersona
4、lhygiene,andbeingunabletorespondtosimplecommandsorfollowinstructions.Confusionanddisorientationissometimesatemporarycondition.Stressand/ordepressionduetophysicalandpsychologicalchangesisonepossiblecause.Useofalcoholorchemicalsisanother.Kidneydisease,whichinterfereswith1electrolytebalance;respira
5、torydisease,whichdecreasesoxygen;orliverdisease,whichinterfereswithmetabolism,areothercauses.Elderlyindividualsarealsomoresensitivetomedications,anddrugscansometimesaccumulateinthebodyandcauseconfusionanddisorientation.Evenpoornutritionorlackoffluidintakecaninterferewithmentalability.Frequently,
6、identificationandtreatmentofanyoftheseconditionsdecreasesandeveneliminatestheconfusionanddisorientation.Foeexample,changingamedicationorgivingitinsmallerdoesmayrestorenormalfunction.Diseaseand/ordamagetothebraincansometimesresultinchronicconfusionordisorientation.Acerebrovascularaccident,orstrok
7、e,whichdamagesbraincells,isonepossiblecause.Abloodclotcanobstructbloodflowtothebrain,oravesselcanruptureandcausehemorrhaginginthebrain.Arteriosclerosis,aconditioninwhichthewallsofbloodvesselsbecomethickandlosetheirelasticity
