FALLACIES谬误学

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1、FALLACIESEQUIVOCATIONAfallacycommittedwhensomeword(orgroupofwords)isusedindifferentsenses.Example:It’snotwrongfornewspaperstopassonrumoursaboutsexscandals.Newspapershaveadutytoprintstoriesthatareinthepublicinterest,andthepublicclearlyhasagreatinterestinrumour

2、saboutsexscandals.©TANYooGuanandMarkNOWACKIFalseDichotomy/FalseDilemmaAfallacycommittedwhenanarguerpresentsasjointlyexhaustivetwoalternativesthatareinfactnoso.Example:Eitherwestopallwhalingorwhaleswillbecomeextinct.Wecertainlydon’twantwhalestobecomeextinct.Th

3、ereforewemuststopallwhaling.©TANYooGuanandMarkNOWACKICompositionAfallacycommittedwhenanattributeofthepartsisillegitimatelytransferredtothewhole.EverypartofathingXhaspropertyF.>ThingXhaspropertyF.©TANYooGuanandMarkNOWACKIExampleThetableismadeofatomsandatomsare

4、colourless.Thereforethetableiscolourless.©TANYooGuanandMarkNOWACKIDivisionAfallacycommittedwhenanattributeofthewholeisillegitimatelytransferredtotheparts.ThingXhaspropertyF.>EverypartofathingXhaspropertyF.©TANYooGuanandMarkNOWACKIExamplePovertyisn’taproblemfo

5、rAmericabecauseAmericaisarichcountry.©TANYooGuanandMarkNOWACKIArgumentagainsttheperson/PoisoningthewellAfallacycommittedwhenanarguerdirectshisorherattackagainsttheopponentinsteadoftheargumentorposition.Example:Kenbrokethevase,buthewouldnotadmitit.Anyway,itsju

6、stlikehim.Thelittlecoward.©TANYooGuanandMarkNOWACKIFalseCause/PostHocAfallacythatarisesfromtreatingasthecauseofsomethingthatwhichisnotreallyitscause.©TANYooGuanandMarkNOWACKIExampleTheJapanese,whoeatalotoffish,havelongeraveragelifeexpectancythananyothernation

7、.Developednationsshouldthereforeencouragetheircitizenstoincreasetheirconsumptionoffishsothatonaveragetheircitizenslivelonger.©TANYooGuanandMarkNOWACKIRedHerringakaSmokeScreenAfallacythatoccurswhenthearguerdivertstheattentionofthelistenerbyarguingfororaddressi

8、ngadifferentissue.Example:HarvardPresidentDerekBok,justifyingatuitionhike:“Ifyouthinkeducationisexpensive,tryignorance.”©TANYooGuanandMarkNOWACKIComplexQuestionAfallacythatoccurswhenasing