rhetorical fallacies(英语修辞与写作lecture 5).ppt

《rhetorical fallacies(英语修辞与写作lecture 5).ppt》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。

1、RhetoricalFallaciesEnglishRhetoricandWritingInordinaryusage,thetermfallacyreferstomistakenbeliefsaswellastothefaultyreasoning.Inlogic,thetermisgenerallyusedtoreferonlytoaformoftechnicallyincorrectargument,especiallyifthatargumentappearstobevalidorconvincing.Soherewealsodefi

2、neafallacyasalogicalargumentorrhetoricaldevicethatappearstobesoundbutistrulyunsoundwhenexaminedmoreclosely.Define“fallacy”FallaciesappealingtoLogicBeggingtheQuestionHastyGeneralizationFalseAnalogiesPostHocNonSequiturEither-OrFallacyFallaciesAppealingtoEmotion 

3、>AppealtoFearAppealtoFlatteryAppealtoPityAppealtoPopularityAppealtoTraditionBandwagonappealRedHerringFallaciesAppealingtoCredibilityAdHominemAppealtoAuthorityFallaciesinlogicalreasoning1)“Nonsequitur”:Thephrasemeans“itdoesnotfollow”andappliestoerrorofreasoninginwhich

4、theconclusiondoesnotfollowfromtheevidencepresented.Example:Smokingcigarettesisdangerous,butnearlyeverythinginlifehassomedanger,suchasdrivingacarorcrossingthestreet.So,ifyouarewillingtodriveacar,youshouldalsobewillingtosmoke.Ifthoseprotestersreallylovedtheircountry,theywould

5、n’tquestionthegovernment.2)“Beggingthequestion”:Thephrasemeanstoassumethetruthofapointthatneedstobeproved.Suchanargumentiscircular.Example:“Thissenselesslanguagerequirementshouldbedropped.”“Haveyoustoppedtakingdrugs?”“Whendidyoustopbeatingyourwife?”“Whyisprivatedevelopmento

6、fresourcessomuchmoreefficientthananypubliccontrol?”3)“PostHoc”:ThephraseinLatinreferstothegeneralizationfrominsufficientevidenceas“notprovingtobethecase”,or“afterthis,thereforebecauseofthis."Example:Itookanaspirinandtookanap;thenmyheadachedisappeared.Sotheaspirincuredmyhead

7、ache."Sincetheyabolishedcapitalpunishment,thecrimeratetherehasincreased,whichtellsusthatcapitalpunishmentmustberestored.4)Theeither-orfallacy:Anargumentassumesafalsedilemmawhenitassumesthatoneoftwocasesmustbetrue,whereinfactthereareotheroptionsaswell.Alsocalled:Oversimplifi

8、cation.Examples:You’reeitherwithus,oragainstus.EitherwemustbanXortheAmericanwayofl