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单位代码10635学号112014310000784硕士学位论文汉语成语中“金”的概念隐喻研究论文作者：魏瑜指导教师：文旭教授学科专业：英语语言文学研究方向：英语语言学提交论文日期：2018年4月2日论文答辩日期：2018年5月19日学位授予单位：西南大学中国重庆2018年4月 独创性声明学位论文题目：汉语成语中“金”的概念隐喻研究本人提交的学位论文是在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。论文中引用他人已经发表或出版过的研究成果，文中已加了特别标注。对本研究及学位论文撰写曾做出贡献的老师、朋友、同仁在文中作了明确说明并表示衷心感谢。学位论文作者：签字日期：2018年4月2日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解西南大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和磁盘，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权西南大学研究生院（筹）可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编学位论文。（保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书，本论文：□不保密，□保密期限至年月止）。学位论文作者签名：导师签名：签字日期：2018年4月2日签字日期：2018年4月2日 ConceptualMetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseIdiomsWeiYuSupervisorProf.WenXuAThesisSubmittedinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsfortheDegreeofM.A.inEnglishCOLLEGEOFINTERNATIONALSTUDIESSOUTHWESTUNIVERSITYApril,2018 AcknowledgementsTimezipsby.SinceIhaveengagedinmypostgraduatestudying,almostthreeyearshavepassed.Admittedly,Ihaveattainedalotduringtheseyears’studybothacademicallyandsocially.Asapostgraduateoflinguistics,Iclearlyhaveastrongdesiretoexplorethemysteriesoflanguages.Firstly,IhopetoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisorProfessorWenXu.Iclearlyknowthatwithouthisselflessandpatientcare,Iwouldneverexperiencesuchafruitfulandmeaningfullife.Inhislectures,hetaughtushowtoaskquestionsandexpressideas.Healsoshowedusdifferentwaystoapproacharesearchquestionandtheneedtobepersistenttoachieveanygoal.Withouthisguidance,thisthesiswouldnothavebeenpossible.Secondly,IwanttosaythankstotheCollegeofInternationalStudiesofSouthwestUniversitywhichprovidessuchanexcellentplatformformetostudyinawarmacademicatmosphere.Here,Iattendednumerousfabulouslecturesdeliveredbythosedistinguishedprofessorsandscholars.Iwasdeeplyimpressedbytheirmarvelousandconvincingwisdom.Thirdly,Iamgreatlyindebtedtootherscholars,seniorfellowsandmyclassmateswhogivememuchfavoranddirections,includingtheirownacademicexperienceandsuggestionsformylinguisticstudy.Lastbutnotleast,Iwanttoextendmysincerethankstomybelovedparentsandotherfamilymembers.Theirloveandcarearethepreciouswealthinmywholelife.Onlybytheirsupportsandencouragements,canIcompletemythesisandmystudy. ContentsAbstract..................................................................................................................................I摘要................................................................................................................................IIIChapterOneIntroduction..................................................................................................11.1ResearchBackground..............................................................................................11.2ResearchPurposesandSignificances.....................................................................31.3ResearchQuestionsandMethodology....................................................................41.4ArrangementoftheThesis......................................................................................5ChapterTwoLiteratureReview.........................................................................................62.1PreviousStudiesofMetaphor.................................................................................62.1.1TheRhetoricalStudyofMetaphor.................................................................62.1.2TheStructuralandSemanticStudyofMetaphor...........................................72.1.3TheCognitiveStudyofMetaphor.................................................................82.2PreviousStudiesof“Jin”.......................................................................................102.2.1FromPhilosophicalPerspective...................................................................102.2.2FromCulturalPerspective...........................................................................122.2.3FromLinguisticPerspective........................................................................132.3Summary...............................................................................................................15ChapterThreeConceptualMetaphorTheory..................................................................163.1ConceptualNatureofMetaphor............................................................................163.2WorkingMechanismofConceptualMetaphor.....................................................163.3ExperientialBasesofConceptualMetaphor.........................................................183.4CognitiveFunctionsofMetaphor.........................................................................193.5Summary...............................................................................................................20ChapterFourAnalysisofConceptualMetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseIdioms................224.1MajorCategoriesofConceptualMetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseIdioms..............244.1.1VALUABLEOBJECTSAREJIN...............................................................254.1.2GOODOBJECTS/PHENOMENAAREJIN............................................284.1.3HUMANBEINGSAREJIN.......................................................................32i 西南大学硕士学位论文4.1.4HIGHSOCIALSTATUSISJIN.................................................................344.1.5WEALTHISJIN.........................................................................................364.1.6STANDARDISJIN....................................................................................374.2ExperientialBasesofConceptualMetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseIdioms...........384.2.1BodilyExperientialBasis............................................................................394.2.2CulturalExperientialBasis..........................................................................414.3CognitiveFunctionsofMetaphorRevealedbyConceptualMetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseIdioms.................................................................................................424.3.1UnderstandingAbstractConcepts...............................................................424.3.2GeneratingNewKnowledgeandNewPerspective....................................444.4Summary...............................................................................................................44ChapterFiveConclusion.................................................................................................465.1MajorFindingsandImplications..........................................................................465.2LimitationsandSuggestions.................................................................................48References..........................................................................................................................49Appendix............................................................................................................................54ii ConceptualMetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseIdiomsAbstractMetaphor,whichhasbeenverypopularinlinguisticstudies,isubiquitousinlife.Fromcognitiveperspective,metaphorisnotonlyarhetoricaldevicebutalsoathinkingmodelandbasictoolofhumanbeingstounderstandtheworld.ChineseidiomsarethequintessenceofChineselanguage,thetreasurerootedinChineseculture,andalsothegeneralizationofChinesethinking,whichcontainnumerousmetaphoricalexpressions.“Jin”servesasoneofthemostfundamentalelementsinnature,whichhascarriedtheChinesecultureforthousandsofyears.Therefore,metaphorsof“Jin”areverycommoninChineseidioms.However,thepreviousresearcheshavenotgivenacomprehensiveandin-depthanalysisofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms.BasedontheConceptualMetaphorTheoryinCognitiveLinguistics,thisthesiscarriesoutaresearchbythelinguisticdatacollectedfrombothChineseIdiomDictionaryandTheGreatChineseDictionary(http://www.hydcd.com/)withtheaimsofanalyzing,generalizing,andstudyingthecategories,theexperientialbases,andthecognitivefunctionsofmetaphorrevealedbyconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms.Thisthesiswilltrytoanswerthefollowingquestions:(1)Whatarethemajorcategoriesofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms?(2)Whataretheexperientialbasesofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms?(3)Whatcognitivefunctionsofmetaphorarerevealedbyconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms?Afteridentifying,classifyingandanalyzingthecollectedlinguisticdata,ithasbeenfoundthat(1)therearesixmajorcategoriesofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms,namelyVALUABLEOBJECTSAREJIN,GOODOBJECTS/PHENOMENAAREJIN,HUMANBEINGSAREJIN,HIGHSOCIALI 西南大学硕士学位论文STATUSISJIN,WEALTHISJIN,andSTANDARDISJIN.(2)Theexperientialbasesofthemajorconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomscontaintwoaspects:thebodilyexperientialbasisandtheculturalexperientialbasis.Thebodilyexperientialbasismainlyreferstopeople’sinteractionwiththephysicalpropertiesof“Jin”,includinghardness,color,meltingpointandquantity.TheculturalexperientialbasiscomprisesChinesemetalcurrencyculture,ancientChinesemetallurgyculture,Chinesefeudalmonarchyandancientofficialsealsystem.(3)theconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomsexploredinthisstudyreflectthecognitivefunctionsofmetaphor—facilitatingtheunderstandingofabstractconcepts,generatingnewknowledgeandcreatingnewperspectivetoviewthings.Significancesofthisstudycanbesummarizedintofourpoints.Firstly,“Jin”servesasamodelinthisstudyforsomemostfundamentalconceptsinChineseculture.Therefore,thisthesiswillbeasupplementtothestudyofmetaphorinChinese,providingreferenceforresearchesonsimilarlinguisticphenomena.Secondly,thisthesiswillhelpforeignlearnersofChineselanguagebetterunderstandidiomsincluding“Jin”characterandimprovetheircompetencetoavoidculturalshockseffectively.Thirdly,thisthesiswillhelptranslatorseliminatethemisunderstandingsof“Jin”inChinese-Englishtranslation.Finally,thisthesiswillhelppeoplecomprehendtherelationsamongChinesepeople’sthinkingmodel,Chineselanguage,andChineseculture.KeyWords:“Jin”;Chineseidiom;conceptualmetaphorII 汉语成语中“金”的概念隐喻研究摘要隐喻在生活中无处不在，一直以来都是语言学研究的热门话题。从认知视角看，隐喻不仅是修辞方式，还是人类普遍的思维方式和认识世界的基本工具。汉语成语是中华民族语言的精髓，是根植于中华文化的瑰宝，也是汉语思维的概括，其中所蕴含的隐喻表达不胜枚举。作为承载中华文化最基本的自然元素之一的“金”，在汉语成语中的隐喻十分普遍。然而，以往的研究并没有就汉语成语中“金”的概念隐喻进行全面深入的分析与总结。基于认知语言学中的概念隐喻理论，本文以《中国成语词典》和《汉语大词典》（网页版）为主要语料来源，旨在归纳、分析和探究汉语成语中“金”的概念隐喻的主要类别和经验基础，以及汉语成语中“金”的概念隐喻所揭示的隐喻的认知功能。本文重点解决以下问题：（1）汉语成语中“金”的概念隐喻的主要类别有哪些？（2）汉语成语中“金”的概念隐喻的经验基础是什么？（3）汉语成语中“金”的概念隐喻揭示出隐喻的哪些认知功能？本文通过对收集到的语料进行鉴定、归类和分析后，得出以下研究结论：（1）汉语成语中主要存在六类“金”的概念隐喻，即：有价值的事物是金，美好的事物／现象是金，人是金，高的社会地位是金，财富是金，标准是金。（2）汉语成语中“金”的概念隐喻包含两方面的经验基础：身体经验基础和文化经验基础。身体经验基础主要是人们对金的物理属性的体验，包括其硬度，颜色，熔点和数量。文化经验基础包含中国金属货币文化、中国古代冶金文化、中国封建君主制度和古代官印制度。（3）汉语成语中“金”的概念隐喻反映出隐喻的认知功能，它帮助人们理解抽象事物，学习新知识，提供认识事物的新视角。本研究的意义可归纳为四点。首先，“金”的研究可以作为中国文化中一些最基本概念研究的典范。本文将是对汉语隐喻研究的一个补充，可为类似语言现象的研究提供参考。其次，本文将帮助汉语学习者更好地理解“金”字成语,有效III 西南大学硕士学位论文地提高他们避免文化冲击的能力。再次,本文将帮助译者消除汉英翻译中对“金”的误解。最后，本文将有助于人们理解中国人的思维模式、中国语言以及中国文化之间的关系。关键词：金；汉语成语；概念隐喻IV ChapterOneIntroductionThefirstchapterbringsageneralintroductionofthisthesis,includingitsresearchbackground,researchpurposes,researchsignificances,researchquestions,researchmethodologyandresearcharrangement.1.1ResearchBackgroundMetaphorhavebeenregardedasahottopicinlinguisticstudiesforhundredsofyears.Ullmann(1979:223)pointsoutthat:“Alanguagewithoutmetaphorisinconceivable;thisforceisinherentinthebasicstructureofhumanspeech.”Fromthetraditionalpointofview,metaphorisrelatedtopoetryandrhetoric.Comparedwiththetraditionalview,cognitivelinguistsbelievethatmetaphorisnotsimplemodifiers.Atthesametime,itisalsothebasicwayforpeopletounderstand,tothink,toactandtocommunicatewithothers.Thepasthalfcenturywitnessesthechangeofmetaphorfrombeingaperipheraltopicinthephilosophyofarttothestatusofamajorphilosophical,linguistic,psychological,andscientificissuerelatedtothetheoryofcognitivelinguistics.Cognitivelinguisticsprovidesabrand-newperspectivetothestudyofmetaphor.LakoffandJohnson’spioneeringmasterpieceMetaphorsweliveby(1980)putforwardtheConceptualMetaphorTheoryforthefirsttime.Fromthenon,metaphorisviewedfromtheperspectiveofcontemporarytheoryasanessentialpartofthought,thewayweconceptualizetheworld,itisalsoregardedasameansforhumanbeingstodeveloptheirlanguageanditisapartofthelinguisticsystem.Basedonthesolidtheoreticalbackgroundofmetaphorresearchesinwesterncountries,linguistsinChinahavebeenconcernedwithmetaphorstudiesfromacognitiveperspective.Therefore,somerepresentativescholarsinthisfieldhaveappearedoneafteranother,suchasShengJiaxuan(1999),ShuDingfang(2000),WenXu(2002)andsoon.Thesemastershavemadegreatcontributionstothestudiesformetaphor,atthesametimetheyhaveprovidedsomevaluableinsightsfortheyoung1 西南大学硕士学位论文generations.Asanimportantcognitivemethod,metaphorisacognitivetoolinhuman’stalkingandthinkingabstraction.Theworkingmechanismofmetaphorisconceptualmapping,thatis,mappingfromthesourcedomaintothetargetdomain;andthiskindofmappingisbasedonhuman’sexperiences.So,metaphorcouldhelppeopleunderstandtheabstractconceptbymeansofourfamiliarconcreteconcept.AccordingtotherecordofCiYuan(2015),theoriginalmeaningof“Jin”is:“HuangJin(黄金)”.Inancienttimes,“Jin”rankedfirstamongmetals,soithasanameof“Jin”.AccordingtoTheGreatChineseDictionary(1993),thefirstmeaningof“Jin”isanameofchemicalelement.Itisakindofpreciousmetalwiththequalitiesoflightyellow,soft,highlyductileandchemicallystable,whichcanbeusedtomakemoney,ornaments,etc.Itcanbeseenthattheoriginalmeaningof“Jin”is“HuangJin(黄金)”,akindofpreciousmetalnotedforitscolor,luster,malleability,andfreedomfromrustortarnish.Thus,theauthorusestheoriginalmeaningof“Jin”andchooses“Jin”asthesourcedomaintodoaresearchonconceptualmetaphorsinChineseidioms.“Jin”,amaterialusedforthousandsofyearsascurrencies,ornaments,buildingmaterials,containersandweapons,iswell-knowntoChinese.Asoneofthemostfamiliarsubstances,“Jin”carriestheChinesecivilizationforthousandsofyears.Thebodilyaswellasculturalexperiencewith“Jin”givesrisetoconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”,whichareoftenusedbyancientChinesepeopletohighlightpropertiesofotherobjectsreflectinginmanyChineseidioms.So,semanticallyspeaking,conceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”playanindispensablepartinChineseidioms.ItisacknowledgedthatChineseidiomsarepreciousheritagesrootedintraditionalChineseculture.ThevaluabletreasuremakesChinesepeoplemorethoughtful,usefulandattractive.Aseachidiomlikesapearlrefloatinginthelongriveroftime;therefore,allofidiomshaveextremelyprofoundmeanings.Becauseoftheabovereasons,conceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomsarewellworthstudying.WiththehelpofChineseidiomsincluding“Jin”character,thisthesisaimstogeneralizemajorcategoriesofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”,analyzeexperientialbasesofconceptualmetaphorsinChineseidiomsandrevealcognitivefunctionsofmetaphorreflectedbyconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomstodeepen2 ChapterOneIntroductionpeople’sunderstandingofthecomplexrelationshipsbetweencognitionandlanguage.1.2ResearchPurposesandSignificancesTheauthorchoosesconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomsastheresearchobjectofthisthesisduetothefollowingreasons.Firstly,inrecentstudiesofmetaphor,casestudiesfromcognitiveperspectivehaveattractedmuchattention.Articlesonthistopicarelimitedinquantity,andthusthistopichasnotbeenstudiedwellandthoroughlyenough.Thisthesiswillcarryoutaresearchintoconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomsindetails.Secondly,asoneofthemostcommonmaterial,“Jin”carriesthehistoryofChinesecivilizationforthousandsofyears.Theexperientialbasesof“Jin”giverisetotheconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”reflectinginmanyChineseidioms.AncientChinesepeopleused“Jin”tohighlightmanyotherprominentobjectsinmanyChineseidioms.Therefore,theconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”aredeserveddetailedstudying.Lastly,therearemanymisunderstandingsintranslatingChineseidiomsincluding“Jin”characterfromChinesetoEnglish.Insomecircumstance,“Jin”cannotbetranslatedaccuratelyintheparticularidioms.Forexample,“Jin”canbetranslatedinto“gold”,“somecertainofmetal”,“generictermsofmetal”orevenothermeaningsinChineseidioms.Thus,throughelaboratingseveralconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms,thisthesiscanhelpeliminatethemisunderstandingsinChinese-Englishtranslation.Thechoiceofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomsastheresearchobjectofthisthesishasboththeoreticalandpracticalsignificance.Theoretically,thisstudyadoptsthecognitiveapproach,namelytheoriesofconceptualmetaphor,tostudy“Jin”inChineseidiomsbyseveraltypicalexamples.Itwillenrichcasestudiesinthefieldofmetaphor.AndthisthesiscanalsoserveasasupplementtothestudyofmetaphorinChinese,providingreferenceforresearchesonsimilarlinguisticphenomena.Practically,“Jin”isanindispensableelementofnature,andservesasalinkofChinesecultureandpeople’slivessincethebeginningofChinesecivilization.Astimegoesby,theobjectiveattributesof“Jin”havebeencontinuouslydiscovered.The3 西南大学硕士学位论文understandingtowards“Jin”fromChinesepeoplehasgraduallyincreasedfromthematerialleveltothespirituallevel.Theinvestigationofmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomswillhelppeoplecomprehendtherelationsamongChinesepeople’sthinkingmodel,Chineselanguage,andChineseculture.ThisthesiscanalsohelpforeignlearnersofChinesegetbetterunderstandingofChineseidiomsincluding“Jin”characterandimprovetheircompetencetoavoidculturalshockseffectively.Besides,foranotherpracticalperspective,thisthesiscanhelptranslatorseliminatethemisunderstandingsinChinese-Englishtranslation.Thus,theinvestigationofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomspossessesboththeoreticalandpracticalsignificance,specifically,forthesakeofthetheoreticalelaborationandthepracticalenhancement.1.3ResearchQuestionsandMethodologyFocusingontheconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms,thisthesisisspecificallytoanswerthefollowingthreequestions:(1)Whatarethemajorcategoriesofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms?(2)Whataretheexperientialbasesofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms?(3)Whatcognitivefunctionsofmetaphorarerevealedbyconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms?Basedontherelatedtheoriesofconceptualmetaphor,theaimofthisthesisistodiscusstheconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms.Inordertocollectthemostcomprehensiveandthemostaccuratemetaphoricalmeaningsof“Jin”inChineseidioms,theauthorbuildsacorpusofChineseidiomsinvolving“Jin”characteraccordingtoChineseIdiomDictionaryandTheGreatChineseDictionary(http://www.hydcd.com/).Withqualitativeanalysis,theauthorfirstcollectsandsortstheChineseidiomsinvolving“Jin”character,thenidentifiesandelaboratescategoriesofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”intheseChineseidioms.Besides,theauthordiscussesandinterpretstheexperientialbasesofthesemetaphors.Atlast,theauthordescribesandexplainsthecognitivefunctionsrevealedbyconceptualmetaphorsof4 ChapterOneIntroduction“Jin”inChineseidioms.1.4ArrangementoftheThesisThisthesisismadeupoffivechapters.ChapterOneisanintroductiondealingwiththeresearchbackground,researchpurposes,researchsignificances,researchquestionsandresearchmethodology.ChapterTwoisaliteraturereviewwhichintroducestherelevantstudiesaboutmetaphorandthepreviousstudiesof“Jin”fromdifferentperspectivesaswell.ChapterThreeisthetheoreticalfoundationofthisthesis.ChapterFouristhemainresearchpartofthewholethesis.Thischapterfirstgeneralizesthemeaningextensionsystemof“Jin”inChineseidiomsinordertoelaboratecategoriesofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomsbycitingexamplesonthebasisofthecarefully-collectedcorpus,thenanalyzestheexperientialbasesofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms,andthenexplainsthecognitivefunctionsofmetaphorrevealedbyconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms.ChapterFiveconcludessomemajorfindingsandimplications.Besides,limitationsandsuggestionsarealsomentionedinthispart.5 ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewAsasignificanttopic,metaphorhasarousednumerousexperts’andscholars’curiosityforages.Therefore,therelevantstudiesofmetaphorareinlargenumbers.Actually,metaphorhasexperiencedalongandmeaningfuldevelopment.ThroughoutChinesehistory,“Jin”alwaysservesasanindispensableroleinpeople’sdailylife.Thus,therearemanyrelatedstudieson“Jin”.Inthischapter,theauthorattemptstointroduceandgivesomecommentsonthepreviousstudiesonmetaphorand“Jin”respectively.2.1PreviousStudiesofMetaphorThepreviousstudiesonmetaphorcouldberoughlydividedintothreecategories:therhetoricalstudy,thestructuralandsemanticstudy,andthecognitivestudyincludingmanyexcellentscholars’theories.2.1.1TheRhetoricalStudyofMetaphorWhenmentionedtherhetoricalstudyofmetaphor,itcanbetracedbacktotheGreekphilosopherAristotle(384–322B.C.).Inhisfamousbook,Rhetoricandpoetics(1954),Aristotleregardsmetaphorasalanguagemethodtouseawordinsteadofanotherwordtoexpressthesamemeaning,whichistocompareonethingtoanotherwordsoastoenhancethelanguageeffectsinexpressing.TheComparisonTheoryofmetaphorhasbeenknownafterthismetaphoricalview.Basedonthistheory,metaphoractsasakindofcomparison,akindofcompressedsimile.AlthoughAristotleofferstopeoplepremierandmetaphoricalknowledgeinvolvingrhetoricaldevice,thelatterscholarsforthousandsofyearsmaydoresearchesinlinewiththemilestone.ItisdeservedtobementionedthattheRomanrhetoricianQuintilian(ca.35–100A.D.)whobelievesthatmetaphoriskindofalternativeprocess.Thistheorypointsoutthatinthemetaphor“Peterisarat”,using“rat”todescribe“man”isasimpledeviationfromtheoriginalliterallanguage.Infact,AristotleandQuintiliandidnotgivea6 ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewuniversalpsychologicalinterpretationofthemetaphorinthelanguagesaroundtheworld.Anditwasnotuntilthe20thcenturythatitwasdoneinsystematicways.Thesameaswesternmetaphoricalresearches,researchesonmetaphorinChinaalsohavealonghistory.Bycontrast,domesticmetaphoricalresearcheshaveowncharacteristics.IntheancienttimeofChina,peoplehavenotgivenanystandarddefinitionofmetaphor.Metaphorhasbeenviewedasameansofornamentinglanguage.ThefoundationofrhetoricinChinacandatebacktothepre-QinDynastyperiod.StudiesofmetaphorflourishedintheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.Duringthattime,LiuXiewroteTheLiterarymindandthecarvingofdragons(《文心雕龙》),anepoch-makingmasterpiece,whichwasstillhonoredastheencyclopediainthefieldofliterarytheories(MouShijin,1995).Thisbookcontainsadetailedandsystematicelaborationon“biyu”,which,inhisopinion,hasappealingeffectsonlinguisticexpression.AfterLiuXie,ChenKuifromTheSongDynastyisregardedasthesecondmostimportantfiguremakingmajorcontributionstothestudyof“biyu”.ChenKuiisthefirstscholarthathasputforwardtheconcept“yinyu”,andheexplicitlyincludes“yinyu”in“biyu”.Intheearly20thcentury,anothergreatworkinvolvingrhetoriccameout:Anintroductiontorhetoric(1979).TheauthorisChenWangdao,whoisregardedasthepioneerofmodernChineserhetoricalresearches.Inthisbook,“biyu”isclassifiedintothreetypes:“mingyu”,“yinyu”and“jiedai”(metonymy).Chen’sstudyon“biyu”isconsideredasasymboloftheestablishmentofmodernrhetoricalstudyinChina.However,itcanbeseenthatthepastdiscussionofmetaphormainlyrevolvestherhetoricallevelofliteraryworks.Infact,thereisnosystematicstudyontheworkingandunderstandingmechanismofmetaphor.2.1.2TheStructuralandSemanticStudyofMetaphorFromtheearly1930stotheendofthe1960s,themetaphoricalstudyinstructuralandsemanticaspectsisaninterimperiodfromrhetoricstudytocognitivestudy.RichardsandBlackaretherepresentativepersonagesinthatperiod.InthegreatworkThephilosophyofrhetoric(1936),Richardsgivessomedetailedinformationaboutbasicconceptsofmetaphor.Infact,hethinksthatmetaphorisprevalenceinlanguage.7 西南大学硕士学位论文Healsogivesintroductionofnewexpressionsfor“tenor”,“vehicle”,and“ground”asthethreepartsofametaphor.Inatypicalmetaphor,tenorstandsforatopicorunknownpartinathree-wayconfiguration.Vehicleisacommentonthetopic,andgroundistherealmeaninggeneratedbytheinteractionbetweenthetenorandthevehicle.Black(1962)inheritsandimprovesInteractionTheory.Hetakesthetermslikeprincipalsubjectandsecondarysubjectinsteadoftenorandvehicletorefertothemetaphoricalexpressionandthetheme.AsforBlack(1993),metaphorinvolvesthecollisionandinteractionofthetwosubjects,whichisaninterrelatedsystemthatinspirereaderstocomeupwithsimilarities.Thesimilaritiesmaybecreatedbypre-existorinteractionintheprincipalandsecondarysubject.Therefore,RichardsfirstlyproposedtheInteractionTheoryandlaterBlackimprovedthistheory.Inthe20thcentury,thereweremanymanifestationsandadjustments.Inthismethod,theconnectionofconceptsisatsentencelevelinsteadofthelexicallevel,whichconstitutestheconceptualconnectionoftheconstituentelementsofthemetaphor.Thisassociationcreatesnewmeanings.Thesegreatmastersalsoarguethatthinkingismetaphoricalandmetaphormakesupwiththeessenceofepistemology,pavingthenewwayfordevelopmentinthefieldofmetaphorresearch.However,althoughtheInteractionTheoryinvolvessomethingincognitiveresearches,itisrestrictedbylanguagedegree.2.1.3TheCognitiveStudyofMetaphorGeorgeLakoff,MarkJohnson,GillesFauconnier,andMarkTurneraretherepresentativepersonagesonmetaphorinthefieldofcognitivestudy.LakoffandJohnsonproposeadetailedandcomprehensivetheoryofmetaphorasaprincipallineofthebookMetaphorsweliveby(1980).Fromtheirpointofview,metaphorisnotonlyregardedasamatteroflanguage,butalsoofthinkingandcognition,whichisagreatchallengetothetraditionalrelatedtheory.Theystronglybelievethatmetaphorisubiquitousindailylife,notonlyinlanguage,butalsointhoughtandaction.Theconceptualsystemofpeopleisinaccordancewiththinkingandbehaviorofpeople,whichisbasicallymetaphoricalinnature.(Lakoff&Johnson,1980).Besides,theycomeupwiththeConceptualMetaphorTheory,whichsupportsthatconceptsand8 ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewcategoriesareallfromphysicalexperience.Ametaphorisacross-domainmapping,fromthemorefamiliar,tangibledomaintolessfamiliarandtangibleone.Andmoreimportantly,LakoffandJohnsonbroadenthestudyofmetaphortheoryfromtheviewofpsychology,neuroscienceandlinguistics.Additionally,inlinewiththeConceptualBlendingTheory,manylinguisticdatacollectedfortheConceptualMetaphorTheorymayalsobestudied(FauconnierandTurner,2002).TheelaborationofMentalSpaceTheorysharesseveralsamepropositionswiththeConceptualMetaphorTheory.However,thedifferencebetweenthesetwotheoriesisthatthelatterstressesoncapturingspontaneousandonlineprocesses.ItalsorevealsthelinksbetweenthecognitivebasisofmetaphorandothermultilingualphenomenaoperatedbyMentalSpaceTheory.Itisworthnotingthatbecauseofthewell-acceptedcontemporarymetaphortheoriesoverthepastdecade,someofthecoreforeignlanguagejournalsinChinahavesuccessivelypublishedmanyimportantworksonthetopicofmetaphoricalresearchesintheWest.Therefore,moreandmorescholarshaveturnedtomakecognitiveresearchesaboutmetaphor.Manybookreviewsofgreatworksinvolvingmetaphoricalresearcheswerecomeoutwiththecorejournalofforeignlanguagestudyinthe1990s.LinShuwuactsasthefirstscholarintroducingthemetaphortheoryaboardfromcognitiveperspective.Whathiscontributionisthestudyoncontemporarymetaphorfromcognitiveperspectiveonthebasisoftheintroductionandevaluationofthewesternmetaphoricalresearchesinthewest.In1994,thearticlenamedBookreviewofmetaphor:ItscognitiveforceandlinguisticstructurescameupwithinthesecondissueofForeignLanguageTeachingandResearch.ZhaoYanfangwritesanarticlenamedAbookreviewofthemasterpiece:Metaphorsweliveby(1995)whichpublishedinthesamemagazine.ManyofarticlesonwesternmetaphorstudieswerealsopublishedinthecorejournalofForeignLanguageStudy.Furthermore,alargenumberofresearchpapers,mainlyonthecognitivemechanismandfunctionofmetaphorhavebeenpublished.ShuDingfangpublishesStudiesinmetaphor(2000)andthisbookcouldberegardedasthefirstmonographwhichstudiesmetaphorfromthecognitiveapproach.WenXuandYeKuangpublish9 西南大学硕士学位论文Thesystematicityandcoherenceofconceptualmetaphor(2003).Thispaperstartswiththeexplorationofinternalsystemsofsourcedomain,targetdomain,experientialbasis,andmapping;andthen,goesintothediscussionofthemetaphoricalsystematicityandcoherencebothwithinasingleconceptualmetaphorandbetweenoramongconceptualmetaphors.Intheenditpointsoutthepracticalityofconceptualmetaphorinsyntax,discourse,andsomeotherlinguisticphenomena.AnothernotablescholarisLanChun,whopublishesabooknamedAcognitiveapproachtospatialmetaphorsinEnglishandChinese(2003).LanChunthinksthatthecrucialtaskofcontemporarymetaphorresearchesistostudylanguagesotherthanEnglishinordertoconfirmthetruthofthecognitiveconceptofmetaphor.Besides,anothertaskistodoresearchesonthegeneralizabilityandculturalvariation.Onlythroughcomparativestudiesonmetaphor,canthesetwotasksbeaccomplished.TheseworkshelpdevelopthecognitivetheoryonmetaphorinChina.2.2PreviousStudiesof“Jin”“Jin”,amaterialusedforthousandsofyearsascurrencies,ornaments,buildingmaterials,containersandweapons,iswell-knowntoChinese.Asoneofthemostfamiliarsubstances,“Jin”carriestheChinesecivilizationforthousandsofyears.Asatypicalmemberofmetal,“Jin”hasbeenmainlystudiedfromphilosophical,culturalandlinguisticperspectives.2.2.1FromPhilosophicalPerspectiveTheFiveElements(WuXing,alsocouldbetranslatedintotheFiveAgents,theFiveProcesses,ortheFiveMovements)hasemergedintheXiaandShangDynasties.ItisanabsolutelynecessarypartofChinesecultureandhighlyreflectsthebasiccognitionoftheworld.TheFiveElementswaswidelyusedinmedicine,geomancy(FengShui),geography,astrologyandmanyotherspecialties.Attheverybeginning,theFiveElementswasinitiallyconsideredastheFiveMaterials(WuCai),butlaterancientChineseastronomersborrowedthesefivenamesasthereplaceablenamesforthefiveplanetsthroughobservationbytheireyes.TheyareVenus,Jupiter,Mercury,MarsandSaturn.Fromthenon,thephrase“WuXing”hasbeenusedasaterminthefieldofastronomy.TheFiveElementsTheorywas10 ChapterTwoLiteratureRevieworiginatedfromtheone-to-onecorrespondencebetweenmaterialsandplanets.Fromthattimeon,ithasbeenappliedtotheinterpretationofsocialandnaturalphenomenaaswell.Thesefiveelementsarefivegeneralizedmaterials,andtosomeextendtheirmeaningshaveexperiencedexpansion.“Jin”denotesmetal.Inabroadsense,itcanalsobeusedtorefertoinorganicsolids.“Mu”initiallymeanttrees,butlaterallplantswerecovered.Nowitmeanswood.“Shui”dealswithwaterandlaterextendstoallliquids.“Huo”signifiesfire.And“Tu”representsearthorland.TheFiveElementsistheancientChinesefundamentalknowledgeandbasicunderstandingofthesurroundingworld.AncientChinesethoughtthattheworldwascomposedofthesefivematerials.Aftergainingthebasicconceptsofthefiveelements,ancientChinesegotafurtherunderstandingofthequalityofthesefivematerials.Therefore,theprincipleofmutualpromotion(XiangSheng)andrestriction(XiangKe)wereputforwardedaroundthelateSpringandAutumnPeriodandtheWarringStatesPeriod.Theprincipleofmutualpromotionholdsthat“Mu”,“Huo”,“Tu”,“Jin”and“Shui”areplacedinorderofpromotion.Inotherwords,“Mu”promotes“Huo”,“Huo”promotes“Tu”,“Tu”promotes“Jin”,“Jin”promotes“Shui”and“Shui”promotes“Mu”.Thetheoryofmutualrestrictionshowsthat“Mu”,“Tu”,“Shui”,“Huo”and“Jin”,inturn,restrictthelatter,thatistosay,“Mu”restricts“Tu”,“Tu”restricts“Shui”,“Shui”restricts“Huo”,“Huo”restricts“Jin”and“Jin”restricts“Mu”.Theinteractionamongthefiveelementscanbeclearlypresentedinthefollowingfigure(Figure2.1).11 西南大学硕士学位论文Figure2.1TheInteractionamongtheFiveElementsFromthisfigure,itcanbeseenthatthepromotionandrestrictionamongthefiveelementsareastablemodel.Promotionisacyclewithoutastartingpointandanendpoint.Restrictionisarecurringstar-likeroute.Thefactthatthesefiveelementsareinterdependent,mutuallyreinforceandrestrainmakesthecomplexrelationshipamongthemreflectthedialecticalunityofthethingsintheexternalworldandthedynamicprocessofdependenceandtransformationintheintricateandever-changinggrowthanddevelopment.Accordingtothematerialityandthedynamicnatureoftheobjectiveworld,themutualpromotionandmutualrestrictionofthefiveelementsrepresentstheinitialstageofChinesenaivematerialism.Havingbeenpassedonfromgenerationtogeneration,theprincipleofpromotionandrestrictionhasbeenembeddedinChinesethinkingandbehavior.Itcannotonlybeusedtoexplainnatural,socialandhistoricalphenomena,butalsocanbeappliedtomanyspecificandconcretefieldsindailylife.2.2.2FromCulturalPerspectiveXuWenming,inhisessayOnMetalinTheFiveElements,believesthatthroughthecontinuousdevelopment,themeaningsofthefiveelementshaveundergonetremendouschanges.Whilethemeaningof“Jin”ismerelymetalinthepastbutnowit12 ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewmeansspirit(Qi)orstyle(Feng).GaoXiuchang(2009)emphasizesthat“yin”and“yang”,aswellasthefiveelementsareimages,whicharethephilosophicalconceptsofancientthinkersunderstandingnaturethroughmetaphorsandanalogies.ZhangBinsummarizesthestatusandfunctionofmetalinthefivecolors,thefivesounds,thefiveorientations,fourseasonsandfiveorgansinhisessayOnHongFan’sadoptionandapplicationoftheFive-ElementTheory(2004).PanChongbo(2011)elaboratesonthecorrespondingrelationshipbetweenthefiveelementsandmodernsocialsciences.Thus,therearemanyscholarshavestudied“Jin”fromculturalperspective.2.2.3FromLinguisticPerspectiveBesidestheabovetwoperspectives,therearealsosomestudieson“Jin”inlinguisticsandliterature.Thepreviousstudiesfromlinguisticperspectivecanbereviewedfromtwoaspects.Oneisaboutthesemanticstudieson“Jin”;theotherisaboutthecognitivestudieson“Jin”.2.2.3.1TheSemanticStudieson“Jin”Someresearchershavedoneresearchesontheliteralmeaningof“Jin”.TongXiaolin(2002)interpretstheliteralmeaningof“Jin”ascopperinherthesisfromtheperspectiveofphonetics.ShedemonstratesthatthepronunciationofcopperinKam-Tailanguagesretainstheancientpronunciationof“Jin”,withthevitalpremisethatcopperinKam-Tailanguagesand“Jin”inmandarinarehomologous.Bycomparison,theauthorprovesthattheoriginalmeaningof“Jin”iscopper.AccordingtotheresearchfromBaiYunxiang(2004),“Jin”wascopperinthepre-Qinperiod,whichwasgenerallyacceptedatthattime,whileboth“MeiJin(goodmetal)”and“EJin(badmetal)”meantcopper.Thedifferencesbetweenthemarethequalityandpurityofthecopper.InthebookThecodeofChinesecharacters(2009),TangHanconductsacomprehensivediscussionaboutthemeaningof“Jin”andholdsthattheoriginalliteralmeaningof“Jin”isbronze.Someresearchersareabsorbedinthestudyofextendedmeaningsof“Jin”.Forexample,XieLingling(2006)holdsthatinactualusage,themeaningsof“Jin”havedeviatedfromitsdictionarymeaning.“Jin”generallydevelopssuchmeanings:thebest,themostoutstanding,themostvaluable,themostdistinguished,andwellpaid.Itis13 西南大学硕士学位论文obviousthatthesemeaningsarecloselyrelatedtothespecialroleof“Jin”playinginpeople’slives.Stillsomeresearcherspayattentiontomeaningsofcompoundsof“Jin”.Forexample,WangPing(2010)discussesthesemanticchangesofthephrase“XiJin(absorptionoffunds)”afteritentersintomainlandfromHongkong.InHongkong,“XiJin(absorptionoffunds)”isdefinedasaderogatorytermreferringtoillegalabsorptionofsocialfunds.However,afteritisintroducedintomainland,thisphraseisfirstappliedtomeanabsorptionofthemetal,Jin,andthenextendedtomeanabsorptionoffunds.What’smore,thewordisrenderedwiththemeaningofmakingprofit,whichturnstobeaneutralword.2.2.3.2TheCognitiveStudieson“Jin”InthearticleOnthecolorJin(2009),LiLipingthinksthat“Jin”signifiesbrightgoldenyellow.“Jin”meantbronzeatfirstbutwiththedevelopmentofhumancognitionandtheexpansionofthekindsofmetalsemployedindailylife,itevolvedintoacollectivetermforallkindsmetals.Inthisprocess,itgraduallyobtainedthemeaningofcolor.IntheessayAmetaphoricalcognitiveanalysison“Jin(Gold)”clusterinChineseidioms(2010),WangShudanandSunYanlinclassifythemetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomsintofourcategoriesonthebasisoftheirorigins,thatistosay,themetaphorsfromsocialexperience,fromproductionexperience,fromlifeexperienceandfromhistoricalorfairytales.Thenthetwoauthorsfindoutthecausesandformativeprocessesofthefourkindsofmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseIdioms.JiaDongmeiandLanChungeneralizethemeaningextensionsystemof“Jin(Gold)”inancientChinesethroughthecollectedlinguisticdata,theycategorizeconceptualmetaphorsandconceptualmetonymiesbehindJINbothinancientChineseandmodernChineseinthearticleConceptualmetaphorsandmetonymiesbehindJIN(GOLD)intheFiveElements(2013).TheydoacomparativeresearchonconceptualmetaphorsandmetonymiesbehindJINbetweenancientChineseandmodernChinese.Themoderndatashowsthatthecriticalandselectiveinheritanceoftheancientcognitivemechanismisrelatedtothedevelopmentofscience,technologyandthetransformationofpeople’sideology.14 ChapterTwoLiteratureReview2.3SummaryInthischapter,thepreviousstudiesonmetaphorandon“Jin”arereviewedrespectively.Throughreviewingthedevelopmentofmetaphor,itcanbeconcludedthatthereisanevolutionfromarhetoricaldevicetoacognitivemeansandathinkingmode.Duringthisprocess,agreatquantityofrepresentativeviewsandtheorieshasprospered.SuchasComparisonTheory,InteractionTheory,ConceptualMetaphorTheoryandsoon.Metaphorisanimportantcognitivetoolforhumanlearningandunderstandingoftheoutsideworld.Itistheproductofhumancognition.Asaverycommonmaterial,“Jin”hasbeenstudiedfromdifferentperspectives,suchasphilosophical,cultural,linguistic,literatureandsoon.Tosumup,thereisnodoubtthatthosepreviousstudiesonmetaphorsand“Jin”havemademanycontributionsindifferentperspectivesandhaveinspiredtheauthoronthisthesis.Atthesametime,thosescholarsshowtheirforesight,buttherearealsosomelimitationsandshortcomingsoftheirstudies.Firstly,therelatedstudiesdonotpresentthelinguisticdata,whichleaveadoubtthatwhetherthesecategoriesofmetaphorsof“Jin”areconvincing.Secondly,thepreviousstudiesdonotanalyzetheexperientialbasesbehindthesemetaphorsof“Jin”.Thirdly,astothecognitivefunctionsofmetaphorrevealedbyconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”,previousscholarshaven’tgivensatisfactorydiscussions.Consideringalltheabovelimitations,thisthesisisaimedatgeneralizingthecategoriesofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomsonthebasisofthecollectedlinguisticdatafrombothChineseIdiomDictionaryandTheGreatChineseDictionary(http://www.hydcd.com/).Thisthesisalsoanalyzesthespecificexperientialbasesofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomsbycitingexamples,andfurtherexplainsthecognitivefunctionsofmetaphorrevealedbytheconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms.15 ChapterThreeConceptualMetaphorTheoryThischapterwillclearlyintroducethemaintheoreticalfoundation—ConceptualMetaphorTheoryforthethesis,whichcoversconceptualnatureofmetaphor,workingmechanismofconceptualmetaphor,experientialbasesofconceptualmetaphor,andcognitivefunctionsofmetaphor.Itwillbemadeuseofexplainingtheconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomsinthenextchapter.3.1ConceptualNatureofMetaphorScholarsfromdifferentfieldshavedifferentdefinitionsaboutmetaphor.Formanypeople,metaphorisadeviceofthepoeticimaginationandtherhetoricalflourish—amatterofextraordinaryratherthanordinarylanguage.Incognitivelinguistics’view,metaphorisabasicwayforhumanbeingstounderstandtheworld.Inthemasterpiece,Metaphorsweliveby,LakoffandJohnsonconsidermetaphorasaubiquitousphenomenonthatexistsineverypartofourlives.Theoriginalsentenceis“Metaphorispervasiveineverydaylife,notjustinlanguagebutinthoughtandaction”(1980:3).Metaphorbelongstoacognitivephenomenon.Metaphorisalsoanessentialcognitivetoolforconstructingthinkingsystemofhumanbeings.Lakoffstates“Theessenceofmetaphorisunderstandingandexperiencingonekindofthingintermsofanother”(1980:5).Conceptualmetaphorplaysaveryimportantroleinthefieldofcognitivelinguistics.Metaphorshavegotridoftraditionalrhetoricandhavefollowedthepathofcognitivelinguistics.3.2WorkingMechanismofConceptualMetaphorFromtheperspectiveofLakoffandJohnson(1980),metaphorisacross-domainmappingfromthesourcedomaintothetargetdomain.Tobemorespecific,thesourcedomainistheconceptualdomainwherepeopledrawmetaphoricalexpressions.Thetargetdomainistheconceptualdomainthatpeopletrytoabsorb.Forexample,inthemetaphorofARGUMENTISWAR,WARisthesourcedomainandaccordingly16 ChapterThreeConceptualMetaphorTheoryARGUMENTisthetargetdomain.CertainfeaturesofWARaremappedtoARGUMENT,suchasfiercecompetitions,attacks,anddefenses.Thus,throughtheconceptofWAR,peoplehaveabetterunderstandingoftheconceptofARGUMENT.Thisprocesscanbedemonstratedbythefollowingfigure(Figure3.1).Figure3.1WorkingMechanismofConceptualMetaphorKövecses(2010)givestheexplanationofamappingasthesystematicsetofcorrespondencesthatexistbetweenconstituentelementsofthesourceandthetargetdomain.Hethinksthatmanyelementsoftargetconceptscomefromsourcedomainsandarenotpreexisting.Toknowaconceptualmetaphoristoknowthesetofmappingsthatappliestoagivensource-targetpairing.Thesameideaofmappingbetweensourceandtargetisusedtodescribeanalogicalreasoningsandinferences.Theconceptualmetaphorisunidirectional,whichisaveryimportantviewholdbymastersinthefieldofconceptualmetaphor.Itmeansthatmetaphoricallymappingstructureisfromthesourcedomaintothetargetdomaininsteadofviceversa.Forexample,whilepeopleconceptualizeBODYintermsofCONTAINER,peoplecannotconventionallystructureCONTAINERintermsofBODY:heatscalesarenotconventionallyconsideredasangerscales,orheatfluidintermsofanger,andsoon.Hence,theterms‘target’and‘source’encodetheunidirectionalnatureofmappings.Asamatteroffact,unidirectionalitycanbeexplicatedfromtwoaspects:First,thetargetandthesourceofmotivation;Second,thehidingandhighlightingphenomenonofmetaphor.Thepopularexplicationisthatthetargetconceptsareoftenmoreabstractandlackedphysicalcharacteristics,makingithardertounderstandanddiscussinthem.Onthecontrary,sourcedomainspronetobemorespecificandconcrete,thereforeeasiertounderstand.Besides,Kövecses(2002)furtherexplicatesthatthetargetdomainisabstract,diffuseandlackclearpresentation.Inlinewiththecognitive17 西南大学硕士学位论文organism,abstractconceptscanbelearnedthroughconcreteones;therefore,itcomestobeingtheformationofmetaphorandunidirectionalitybecomesametaphoricalfeatureinanaturalway.HidingandhighlightingisanimportantideainConceptualMetaphorTheoryrelatestowhenatargetdomainisstructuredintermsofaparticularsourcedomain,ithighlightscertainaspectsofthetargetdomainwhilesimultaneouslyhidingotheraspectsinordertohelppeopleunderstandthistargetdomain.Forexample,themetaphorTIMEISMONEYhighlightsthevaluablenatureofTIMEbuthidesthefactthatTIMEisinvisible,intangibleandcannotbeusedtobuysomething.So,whenthismetaphorisused,itislike:“Don’twasteourtime.”Incontrast,themetaphorTIMEISLIFEhighlightsthelonganddullaspectsofTIMEwhilehidingthevaluableaspectswhenthemetaphorisembodiedin:“Itissoboring!Ihavetofindawaytokillmytime.”Inthisway,metaphorscanchooseaperspectiveofaconceptoraconceptualdomain.3.3ExperientialBasesofConceptualMetaphorLakoffemphasizesthesignificanceoftheroleoftheexperientialbasisinunderstandingtheworkingsofmetaphors.Conceptualmetaphorsarenotmereflightsoffancybuthaveabodilyexperience.Lakoffwrites“Wehavearangeofconceptsthatincludethingsthatwethinkofasbeingstraightforwardlyphysical-rocksandtreesandarmsandlegs-thingsthatwehaveconceptualizedbutratherintermsofwhatwetaketobeourbodilyexperience.”(Lakoff&Turner,1989:59).Thetangible,concreteconceptsareoftenemployedasasourcedomaintofacilitatethemetaphoricalunderstandingofthoseabstract,lesstangibleconcepts.Asaresult,theconceptualmetaphorsarenotarbitraryoraccidental,butembodied.Forexample,inexplainingthemetaphorlikeUNKNOWNISUP;KNOWNISDOWNwithexamples“That’sstillupintheair”and“Thematterissettled.”Lakoff(1980)pointsoutthatourconceptofunknownisembodied.IthasanexperientialbasisquitesimilartothatofUNDERSTANDINGISGRASPING,asin“Icouldn’tgrasphisexplanation.”Withphysicalobjects,ifpeoplecansnatchsomethingandholditinyourhands,peoplecanlookitovercarefullyandgetareasonablygoodunderstandingofit.It’seasiertograsp18 ChapterThreeConceptualMetaphorTheorysomethingandlookatitcarefullyifit’sonthegroundinafixedlocationthanifit’sfloatingthroughtheair(likealeaforapieceofpaper).AnotherexampleisLOVEISAJOURNEY,whichshowsthesourcedomainsreflectingsignificantpatternsofbodilyexperience,withthemetaphoricalexpressionslike“Thisrelationshipisn’tgoinganywhere.”and“We’vegottenoffthetrack.”Inthesemetaphoricalexpressions,thewaypeopletalkingaboutloveasakindofjourneyreferstotheveryembodiedexperienceofpeoplemovingfromsomestartingpoint,alongapath,toreach,orattempttoreachsomedestination.LakoffandJohnson(1980:57)pointsoutthat“everyexperiencetakesplacewithinavastbackgroundofculturalpresuppositions.Itwouldbemorecorrecttosaythatallexperienceisculturalthroughandthrough,thatweexperienceourworldinsuchawaythatourcultureisalreadypresentineveryexperienceitself”.Besides,WenXu(2014)pointsoutthatalthougheveryexperiencetakesplacewithinavastbackgroundofculturalpresuppositions,peoplecandistinguishbetweenbodilyexperienceandculturalexperience.Thebiggestdifferencebetweenthemisthattheformeroneincludesmoreelementsofbodyjustasthephrase“standup”,whilethelatteroneincludesmoreelementsofculturelike“attendawedding”.Therefore,itcanbeconcludedthatexperientialbasesofconceptualmetaphorincludebothbodilyexperientialbasisandculturalexperientialbasis.3.4CognitiveFunctionsofMetaphorScholarshaveelaboratedfunctionsofmetaphorfromdifferentrespects.Traditionalmetaphortheorythinksmetaphorisacommonphenomenonbyusinglanguageasthecarrierandtakesthemetaphor’sappearingasademandfromrhetoric.However,cognitivemetaphortheoryregardsmetaphorasacognitivemodeinessential;metaphorisnotmerelyamatteroflanguage,butamethodfororganizinghumanbeings’thoughts.Ingeneral,themetaphorinthelanguagebeingusedisjustasurfacerealization,andthemetaphoricalconceptsaredeeplyrootedinourconceptualsystem.Inthissection,thecognitivefunctionsofmetaphorwillbediscussedfromtwoaspects:anessentialwayofcomprehendingabstractconceptsandanimportantmeansofgeneratingnewknowledgeandnewperspective.19 西南大学硕士学位论文Lakoff(1993:244)pointsthat“metaphoristhemainmethodtocomprehendabstractconceptsandperformabstractreasoning……Metaphorallowsustounderstandarelativelysubjectorinherentlyunstructuredsubjectmatterintermsofamoreconcrete,oratleastmorehighlystructuredsubjectmatter”.Ungerer&Schmid(1996)pointsthatmetaphorhasanimportanteffectintransferringabstractwordsintoconcretewords.Metaphorhaschangedthewayofthinking.Lakoff&Johnson(1999:468)declaresthat“metaphorisakindofeffectivecognitivetools,itisbasedonexperience.”Thatistosay,theformationofmetaphoriscloselyrelatedtohumandailylifeexperience,forexample,humanbeings’understandingofsomethinginthespecificlifeexperienceandtheirunderstandingandjudgmentofabstractconcepts.Theexperiencewilldefinitelyguidepeopletoacquirebasicmetaphors.Metaphorsarenotarbitrary,itmakesabstractthinkingeasy.Itistheimportantwaytounderstandanddescribetheabstractconcepts,whicharenotfamiliartopeople.Therefore,itcanbeseenthatthebasiccognitivefunctionofmetaphoristounderstandabstractconcepts.“Beingacognitivedevice,metaphorcanbeusedtogettolearnnewknowledgeandacquirenewcognitionbypeople.Peoplecanunderstandtheexperienceofonedomainintermsofthatinanotherdomainwiththehelpofmetaphor,i.e.Peopleusetheexperienceofonefamiliardomaintoorganizeorstructuredomainswhicharenewortoohardtounderstand.Inthisway,peopleshapetheirattitudeandactaccordingly”(ShuDingfang,2000:135).Thus,anothercognitivefunctionistogeneratenewknowledgeandnewperspective.3.5SummaryThischapterconcernsthetheoreticalfoundationofthethesis.ItmainlyelaboratesConceptualMetaphorTheory.Metaphorispervasiveineverydaylife,notjustinlanguagebutalsointhoughtandaction;metaphorisdefinedasacross-domainmappingfromarelativelyconcretesourcedomaintoacomparativelyabstracttargetdomainintheconceptualsystem;experientialbasesofconceptualmetaphorincludebothbodilyexperientialbasisandculturalexperientialbasis;cognitivefunctionsofmetaphorreflecttwoaspects:anessentialwaytocomprehendabstractconceptsandanimportantmeanstogeneratenewknowledgeandnewperspective.Sincethebasic20 ChapterThreeConceptualMetaphorTheorytheoriesappliedinthisstudyarestated,thefollowingchapterwillpresentadetailedanalysisofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms.21 ChapterFourAnalysisofConceptualMetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseIdiomsChapterThreehasprovidedanoverviewofthetheoreticalfoundationofthisthesis,followingwhichthischapterwillconcentrateontheanalysisofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms.Inordertoobtainthemostcomprehensiveandthemostaccuratemetaphoricalmeanings,alotofcorporaarenecessary.Therefore,thedataarecollectedfrombothChineseIdiomDictionaryandTheGreatChineseDictionary(http://www.hydcd.com/).Aftersearchingfromthesetworesourcesandremovingtherepeatedidioms,theauthorcollects471Chineseidiomsincluding“Jin”character.Throughcarefullyidentifyingtheselinguisticdata,theauthorfindsthat“Jin”insomeidiomshasnometaphoricalmeaning.Therefore,only285Chineseidiomsincluding“Jin”charactercouldbeusedastheeffectivedataforthisstudy.Inthefirstpartofthischapter,theauthorattemptstoelaboratecategoriesofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”specifically.SometypicalexamplesincludingChineseidioms,Chinesepinyin,theliteralmeaningofeachcharacter,andtheimpliedmeaningoftheidiomsinEnglisharelistedclearlyandanalyzedcarefully.Inthesecondpartofthischapter,theauthoraimstoanalyzetheexperientialbasesofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms.Inthelastpartofthischapter,theauthortriestoexplaincognitivefunctionsofmetaphorrevealedbyconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms.Throughanalyzingpreviousrelatedresearches,theauthorfindsthatJiaDongmei&LanChun(2013)giveacomprehensiveexplorationofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inancientChinese.Throughthecollectedlinguisticdata,theygeneralizethemeaningextensionsystemof“Jin”inancientChineseinthefollowingfigure(Figure4.1).22 ChapterFourAnalysisofConceptualMetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseIdiomsFigure4.1TheMeaningExtensionSystemof“Jin”inAncientChinese(JiaDongmei&LanChun2013)Intheabovefigure,thesourcedomain(Jin)isrepresentedbyacircle,eachofthetargetdomainisrepresentedbyanellipseandeachofthespecificsemanticmeaningisplacedwithintheroundedrectanglecorrespondingly.Theygivefourcategoriesofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inancientChinese:A(N)PHENOMENON/OBJECTWITHFEATURESOFJINISJIN,BEINGGOODISJIN,HUMANBEINGISJIN,andREPLACEMENTOFDYNASTIESISREPLACEMENTOFTHEFIVEELEMENTS.ChineseidiomisamajorcategoryinancientChineseandplayavitalroleinformationanddevelopmentofancientChinese.Referringtotheaboveresearch,theauthoraimstodoadetailedstudyoftheconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms.Throughcarefullyanalyzingthecollectedlinguisticdata,theauthorgeneralizesthemeaningextensionsystemof“Jin”inChineseidiomsinthefollowingfigure(Figure4.2).Itcanbeclearlyseenthatthemeaningof“Jin”inChineseidiomsextendstothreecognitivedomains:nature,humanbeings,andsocietywhichformtheirownsemanticnetworks.23 西南大学硕士学位论文Figure4.2TheMeaningExtensionSystemof“Jin”inChineseIdioms4.1MajorCategoriesofConceptualMetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseIdiomsAccordingtothemeaningextensionsystemof“Jin”inChineseidioms,sixmajorcategoriesofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomscouldbegeneralized,namelyVALUABLEOBJECTSAREJIN,GOODOBJECTS/PHENOMENAAREJIN,HUMANBEINGSAREJIN,HIGHSOCIALSTATUSISJIN,WEALTHISJIN,andSTANDARDISJIN.Thefollowingtableshowsmajorcategoriesofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms,thecorrespondingnumberandpercentageofmetaphoricalexpressions.24 ChapterFourAnalysisofConceptualMetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseIdiomsTable4.1MajorCategoriesofConceptualMetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseIdiomsNumberofMajorCategoriesofConceptualMetaphorsof“Jin”RankMetaphoricalPercentageinChineseIdiomsExpressions1VALUABLEOBJECTSAREJIN7225%2GOODOBJECTS/PHENOMENAAREJIN6322%3HUMANBEINGSAREJIN5319%4HIGHSOCIALSTATUSISJIN4315%5WEALTHISJIN4215%6STANDARDISJIN124%Majorcategoriesofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomswillbediscussedinthefollowingpartinthesequenceoftheirranks.Intheseconceptualmetaphors,“Jin”servesasthesourcedomain.However,thoseabstractandlesstangibleconceptsaretargetdomainssuchasstandardandhighsocialstatuswhichcouldbeunderstoodthroughthesourcedomain.Themotivationofeachcategoryofconceptualmetaphorof“Jin”willbedescribedandthestructure,suchasasetofcorrespondencesbetweenthesourceandthetargetdomain,ofeachcategorywillbeanalyzed.Thecorrespondencewillbeillustratedbysometypicalmetaphoricalexpressionswhicharethesurfacerealizationsofthecross-domainmapping.4.1.1VALUABLEOBJECTSAREJINThroughoutthelonghistoryofcurrencyinChina,“Jin”wasusedasmoneyforalongtime.Oneofthepropertiesofcurrencyisabletomeasurethevalueofmerchandise.Therefore,“value”and“Jin”arecloselyrelated.Besides,becausethequantityof“Jin”innatureislimited,whichisoftenregardedasakindofpreciousmetal.Therefore,“Jin”possesshighvalue.Thevalueof“Jin”isoftenmappedontootherobjectsthroughmetaphor,whichgivesrisetothemetaphoricalextensionJINtoVALUABLEOBJECTS.TheauthorproposestheconceptmetaphorVALUABLEOBJECTSAREJIN.ItisworthindicatingthatthetargetdomainVALUBLEOBJECTSisthesuper-domain,thesub-domainscouldbeTIME,LAND,PROMISE25 西南大学硕士学位论文andotherfields.Sometypicalexampleswillbelistedandelaboratedasfollows.(1)一寸光阴一寸金yīcùnguāngyīnyīcùnjīnAninchoftimeisaninchofgold.Timeismoney.(2)寸金难买寸光阴cùnjīnnánmǎicùnguāngyīninchgoldhardbuyinchlightshadeTimeisofgreatvalueandshouldbecherished.(3)一刻千金yīkèqiānjīnonemomentthousandgoldTimeisprecious.“Jin”isthemostpreciousmetalinnature.Peopledreamofpossessingmuch“Jin”.Forpeople,timeislimitedandneverstopsmovingforward.Beingabletograspthetimeinlifeanddoingagreatdealofbusinessarebadlyinneed.Timeandthevalueof“Jin”havethesimilaritieswithpeople’sattitudetowardthem.Thus,peopleuse“Jin”torefertotheprecioustime.Amongtheexample(1),(2)and(3),TIMEisregardedasthetargetdomainandJINasthesourcedomaintoshowthehighvalueoftime.Theliteralmeaningofyīcùnguāngyīnyīcùnjīn(一寸光阴一寸金)is“Aninchoftimeisaninchofgold”.Whileinthisidiomthehighvalueof“Jin”ismappedontoTIMEtopresentthattimeisaspreciousas“Jin”.Someidiomssharethesamemetaphorwiththeaboveexamplessuchasqiānjīnyīkè(千金一刻),huángjīnshíjiān(黄金时间)andsoon.(4)一诺千金yīnuòqiānjīnonepromisethousandgoldApromisethatwillbekept.(5)一言千金26 ChapterFourAnalysisofConceptualMetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseIdiomsyīyánqiānjīnonewordthousandgoldItisoftenusedtodescribethatthepromiseisvaluable.(6)一言既出，金玉不移yīyánjìchū，jīnyùbùyíonewordsinceout,goldjadenomoveItdescribesthesituationthatyoucannotwithdrawthepromiseanymore.Intheexample(4)(5)and(6),PROMISEisthetargetdomainandJINasthesourcedomainaccordingly.Thepurposeistodemonstratetheimportanceofpromise.Intheabovethreeidioms,thehighvalueof“Jin”ismappedontoPROMISEtopresentthatpromiseisasvaluableas“Jin”.Someidiomssharethesamemetaphorwiththeaboveidiomssuchasqiānjīnyīnuò(千金一诺),qiānjīnzhīnuò(千金之诺)andsoon.(7)一寸山河一寸金yīcùnshānhéyīcùnjīnoneinchmountainriveroneinchgoldTheterritoryisextremelyvaluable.(8)寸土尺金cùntǔchǐjīninchlandinchgoldAninchoflandisaninchofgold.Thelandisveryprecious.(9)一字兼金yīzìjiānjīnoneworddoublegoldAwordisextremelyprecious.(10)一纸千金yīzhǐqiānjīnonepaperthousandgoldThepoetryhasextremelyhighvalue.27 西南大学硕士学位论文BesidesTIMEandPROMISE,thetargetdomainofVALUABLEOBJECTSAREJINcouldbemanyconcretethings.Likecùntǔchǐjīn(寸土尺金)andyīcùnshānhéyīcùnjīn(一寸山河一寸金),LANDasthetargetdomain.Theseidiomsshowthecommercialvalueoftheareabyvalueof“Jin”.Inordertofurtheranalyzethecategoryofthisconceptualmetaphor,moreexamplesintheexample(9)and(10)arepresentedwhereWORDisusedasthetargetdomain.Actually,VALUEBLEOBJECTSAREJINcanbeappliedtoalmostanythingthatisofgreatvalue.Forinstance,manyChineseidiomslikejiāshūdǐwànjīn(家书抵万金),yīxiàoqiānjīn(一笑千金)，yīgùqiānjīn(一顾千金),xīmòrújīn(惜墨如金)useLETTER,SMILE,VIEW,INKasthetargetdomainrespectively.4.1.2GOODOBJECTS/PHENOMENAAREJINInthisconceptualmetaphor,GOODOBJECTS/PHENOMENAservesasthetargetdomainwhichhassomesub-domains.Besides,thisconceptualmetaphorof“Jin”hastwokindsofworkingmechanisms,namelydirectoneandindirectone.Thatistosay,theformeronecanbeunderstoodthatJINismetaphoricallymappedontoGOODOBJECTS/PHENOMENAdirectly;thelatteroneisbasedontwodifferentconceptualmetonymies.ThefollowingpartaimstoelaboratethetwoworkingmechanismsofGOODOBJECTS/PHENOMENAAREJINrespectively.Firstly,JINismetaphoricallymappedontoGOODOBJECTS/PHENOMENAdirectly.Asakindofvaluablemetal,“Jin”generatestheimpressionofbeautiful.Suchqualityisreflectedintheliteraryworksandarticles.Therefore,onthebasisofthesimilarityofbeautyandpleasure,theconceptualmetaphorGOODARTICLESAREJINcanbegeneralized.Thegoodorganization,splendiddiction,catchyrhythmandprofoundmeaningofpoetry,articlesorotherliteraryworksbringdelightnotonlytotheeyesandearsbuttothespiritaswell.Thiskindofdelightissimilarto“Jin”bringstopeople.Inaddition,goodarticlesownhighartisticvalues,justlike“Jin”withvaluableattributes.Basedonsuchsimilarities,theconceptualmetaphorGOODARTICLESAREJINhighlightsthebeautyandpleasure.(11)蹙金结绣cùjīnjiéxiù28 ChapterFourAnalysisofConceptualMetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseIdiomsknitgoldtieembroideryThearticleisexquisiteandwell-constructed.(12)金相玉质jīnxiàngyùzhìgoldappearancejadequalityBothformandcontentofthearticleareperfect.IntheaboveChineseidioms,“Jin”metaphoricallyreferstothebeautifulandgracefulofarticles.Idiomslikejīnhuīyùjié(金辉玉洁),andjīnxiāngyùzhèn(金相玉振)sharethesameconceptualmetaphor.(13)披沙拣金pīshājiǎnjīnwrapsandselectgoldItreferstogetessencefromlargemassofmaterial.(14)金友玉昆jīnyǒuyùkūngoldfriendjadebrotherItisagoodnameforanother’sbrother.Basedonthecharacteristicsofpurequalityof“Jin”anditsspecialstatusinsocialandeconomiclife,theancientChinesepeoplegavethemeaningofgoodto“Jin”.Intheaboveexamples,“Jin”metaphoricallyreferstoESSENCEandGOODNAMErespectively.Itcanbesaidthattheancientstendedtotakethetitleof“Jin”asanythingthattheythoughtwasgood.Secondly,JINismetaphoricallymappedontoGOODOBJECTS/PHENOMENAindirectly.Itisobviousthat“Jin”hasitsownspecialcolor.“Jin”givesoffgoldenandbrightradianceand,tosomeextent,goldencoloristhecolorofyellow,Therefore,peoplealwaysuse“Jin”torefertotheyellowcolorof“Jin”orrefertohavingthecolorof“Jin”.Thismetonymicmeaninggivesprominencetothecolorof“Jin”,whichgivesrisetotheconceptualmetonymyJINFORCOLOROFJIN.AncientChinesepeoplehaveperceivedthatthecolorof“Jin”couldgivecomfortableandgoodfeelingsto29 西南大学硕士学位论文them.So,theyhavealwaysused“Jin”todescribegoodthingsinlife,whichgivesrisetotheconceptualmetaphorGOODOBJECTS/PHENOMENAAREJIN.Itcanbepresentedinthefollowingspecificexamples.(15)金波玉液jīnbōyùyègoldwavejadeliquidItreferstogoodwine.(16)金浆玉醴jīnjiāngyùlǐgoldliquidjadesweetspringItreferstogoodwine.Boththeexample(15)and(16)havethemeaningofgoodwine.“Jin”ismetaphoricallyreferstothegoodqualityofwine.Theworkingmechanismcanbeshowninthefollowingfigure(Figure4.3)Figure4.3WorkingMechanismofGOODOBJECTS/PHENOMENAAREJINinExample(15)&(16)ItisdeservedtobementionedthatChinesehasexperiencedtheMetalAgeinancienttime;metallurgyinChinahasgaincontinuousimprovementwiththedevelopmentandprogressofscienceandtechnology.Chinesepeopleacquiredagoodunderstandingofthenatureandcharacteristicsofmanydifferentmetalsandthusappliedthepropertiesofmetalstomanyfields.Ancientpeoplehaveperceivedthis30 ChapterFourAnalysisofConceptualMetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseIdiomsattributeofmetals,whichcanbeusedasrawmaterialstocreatesacrificialvessels,musicalinstruments,weapons,decorationsandsoon.Thereasonforusingmetalstoproducemusicalinstrumentsisthatthefrequencyofvibrationiseasilycontrolledandthuscansoundatdifferentpitches.Besides,duetothegoodductilityofthemetals,theycanbeformedintodifferentstructurestoproducesoundsindifferenttones.Therefore,themeaningof“Jin”metonymicallyextendstometallicproductswhichgivesrisetotheconceptualmetonymyJINFORMETALLICPRODUCTS.Ancientpeoplehaveperceivedthatthesoundsmadebymetallicinstrumentsareverymelodious.TheyusedtheseeuphonioussoundstodescribetherhythmofgoodarticleswhichgivesrisetotheconceptualmetaphorGOODOBJECTS/PHENOMENAAREJIN.“Jin”insomeChineseidiomsgoesthroughmetonymy-to-metaphorextension.Sometypicalexamplesarelistedclearlyandanalyzedcarefullyinthefollowingpart.(17)金声玉润jīnshēngyùrùngoldsoundjadesmoothItreferstothegracefularticle.(18)作金石声zuòjīnshíshengmakegoldstonesoundThearticleisgracefulandtoneissonorous(19)掷地金声zhìdìjīnshēngflapgroundgoldsoundPlaytheZhongandQinginstrumentstodescribethearticleisextremelyelegantandvaluable.(20)锵金鸣玉qiāngjīnmíngyùclanggoldchimejadeThesyllableisloudandthepoemisbeautiful.31 西南大学硕士学位论文Intheaboveexamples,“Jin”representssomemetallicmusicalinstrumentslikeZhong(钟)andQing(罄).Ancientpeoplebelievethatthesoundsmadebytheseinstrumentsareextremelyelegantandmelodious,whichcanbeusedtodescribegoodarticles.Theworkingmechanismcanbeshowninthefollowingfigure(Figure4.4)Figure4.4WorkingMechanismofGOODOBJECTS/PHENOMENAAREJINinExample(17)–(20)4.1.3HUMANBEINGSAREJINAsoneofthemostevidentpropertiesof“Jin”,beinghardisperceivedmosteasilybyhumanbeings.Infact,“Jin”isnothardintheformofpuresubstance.Whathumanscontactisnotthepure“Jin”.Therefore,peopleinstinctivelyregardhighhardnessasthesignificantpropertyof“Jin”.Besides,“Jin”hasahighmeltpoint.Thesepropertiesof“Jin”areoftenprojectedontootherfieldstoemphasizethehardnessandstabilityofcertainthings,whichgivesrisetotheconceptualmetaphorHUMANBEINGSAREJIN.Itisworthshowingthatthetargetdomain—HUMANBEINGSisthesuper-domain,thesub-domainscouldbeCHARACTER,PHTSIQUEandFRIENDSHIPofhumanbeings.SomeexamplesinChineseidiomsincluding“Jin”characterareanalyzedcarefullyinthefollowingpart.(21)真金不怕火炼zhēnjīnbùpàhuǒliàntruegoldnofearfiresmelt32 ChapterFourAnalysisofConceptualMetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseIdiomsApersonofintegritycanstandtests.(22)真金烈火zhēnjīnlièhuǒtruegoldstrongfireAherokeeptruequalityallthetime.(23)烈火金刚lièhuǒjīngāngintensefiregoldstrongPeoplehavestrongwillwithoutchange,evenafterarigoroustest.“Jin”hasahighmeltingpointof1064degree.Therefore,thephysicalandchemicalstabilityisprojectedontotheCHARACTER,meaningperseveranceandendurance.Intheaboveexample(21),(22)and(23),Huo(fire)metaphoricalmeansseveretests,and“Jin”meansaperson’sintegrity,sotheentireexpressionsignifiesthatapersonofrealintegritycanendureseveretests,namelypeopleshowtheirmoralityduringhardships.SameconceptualmetaphorcanalsobefoundinChineseidiomszhēnjīnbùpàhuǒláishāo(真金不怕火来烧),lièhuǒzhēnjīn(烈火真金),andlièhuǒjiànzhēnjīn(烈火见真金).(24)真金不镀zhēnjīnbùdùtruegoldnoplateTruegoldnolongerneedtogoldplating—peoplewithtrueskillsandgenuineknowledgedonotneedtodecoratethemselves.(25)精金美玉jīngjīnměiyùperfectgoldgoodjadeItreferstothetruecharacterofpeople.Intheexample(24),theentireexpressionsignifiespeoplewithtrueskillsandgenuineknowledgedonotneeddecoratethemselves.Intheexample(25),theentireidiommeansthepurecharacterofhumanbeings.Sameconceptualmetaphorcanalso33 西南大学硕士学位论文befoundinChineseidiomspújīnhúnyù(璞金浑玉),jīngjīnliángyù(精金良玉)andliángjīnměiyù(良金美玉),jīnyùqízhì(金玉其质).Therefore,intheaboveexamplestheconceptualmetaphorcanbereflectedintheaspectofcharacterofhumanbeings.(26)立地金刚lìdìjīngāngerectgroundgoldstrongPeopleofgreatstrengtharemagnificentandmighty.Whenthehardnessof“Jin”isprojectedontoapartofthehumanorhumanbody,itusuallymeansthatapersonhasahealthyandstrongbody.Intheexample(26),theentiremeaningofthisidiomisthatpeopleofgreatstrengtharemagnificentandmighty.Therefore,theconceptualmetaphorcanbereflectedintheaspectofphysiqueofhumanbeings.(27)金石之交jīnshízhījiāogoldstonethisdealItreferstothecloseandintimatefriendship.(28)金兰契友jīnlánqìyǒugoldorchidcontractfriendItreferstothefriendshipbetweenbosomfriends.Intheexample(27)and(28),bothidiomsdescribethefriendshipamonghumanbeings.TherearealsomanyChineseidiomssharethesameconceptualmetaphorlikejīnlánzhījiāo(金兰之交),jīnlánzhīqì(金兰之契),jīnlánzhīyǒu(金兰之友),qìhéjīnlán(契合金兰)andyìjiéjīnlán(义结金兰).4.1.4HIGHSOCIALSTATUSISJINItisthefactthatancientChinaisruledbytheemperorofeachdynasty.DatebacktotheQindynasty,thefeudalrulersawardedroyaltiesincludingthequeensand34 ChapterFourAnalysisofConceptualMetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseIdiomsprincestogoldseals,aswellasdignitarieswhosesalarieswereovertwothousanddan(石,traditionalChineseunitofmeasurement;1danequalsto60kilograms)ofriceeachyear.Thistraditionalsystemofsealshasbeenobservedformorethantwothousandyears.Thistraditionembodiesthevalueof“Jin”.Forthisreason,“Jin”iscloselyrelatedtothoseintheupperclasses.Besides,Chineseattempttocomparehighsocialstatus(suchaspoliticalstatus,economicstatus,professionalstatusandeducationalstatus)totheupperclassesdependingonthesimilaritiesthattheyallhavethehighprestige.Asaconsequence,theconceptualmetaphorofHIGHSOCIALSTATUSISJINhasgeneratedfromthenon.(29)金印如斗jīnyìnrúdǒugoldseallikebucketOfficialsareinhighgovernmentpositions.(30)带金佩紫dàijīnpèizǐcarrygoldwearpurpleOfficialscarrygoldensealsandwearpurpleribbonswithhighoccupationalstatus.(31)紫绶金章zǐshòujīnzhāngpurpleribbongoldsealOfficialshavetheupperstatus.(32)纡朱怀金yūzhūhuáijīnwearredholdgoldOfficialsarewithhighoccupationalstatus.(33)金枝玉叶jīnzhīyùyègoldbranchjadeleafDescribepeoplewhoaretheimperialkinsmen,orthenobleandtenderpeople.35 西南大学硕士学位论文Withthedevelopmentofsociety,thecharacter“Jin”hasacquiredthemetaphoricalmeaningof“highsocialstatus”.Therefore,theconceptualmetaphorHIGHSOCIALSTATUSISJINisreflectedintheexamples(29),(30),(31)and(32).Theseexamplesarerelatedtohighoccupationalstatus.SimilarusagecanbefoundinmanyotherChineseidiomssuchasbèizǐyāojīn(背紫腰金),chóngjīnjiānzǐ(重金兼紫),yāojīntuōzǐ(腰金拖紫),yūjīnyèzǐ(纡金曳紫),ěrjīntuōzǐ(珥金拖紫),huáijīntuōzǐ(怀金拖紫)andjīnyìnjìzhǒu(金印系肘).Intheexample(33),thisidiomreferstonoblepeopleespeciallythedescendantsofroyalfamilies.SameconceptualmetaphorcanalsobefoundinChineseidiomsjīnzhīhuāè(金枝花萼),qiānjīnzhīzǐ(千金之子),andqiānjīnzhītǐ(千金之体).4.1.5WEALTHISJINAccordingtothehistoryofcurrencyinChina,“Jin”wasusedasamediumofexchangeandunitofaccountincommerceforalongtime.“Jin”hasbeenusedascurrenciesthatcanbeexchangedforcommodities.Therefore,“Jin”canbeseenasasymbolofwealth,whichgiverisetotheconceptualmetaphorWEALTHISJIN.(34)日进斗金rìjìndǒujīndayenterbucketgoldToearnabucketofgoldeverydaydenotestomakeabigfortune.(35)堆金叠玉duījīndiéyùpilegoldaccumulatejadeItreferstoaccumulatewealth.(36)金玉满堂jīnyùmǎntanggoldjadefullhallOne’shouseisfilledwithriches.(37)积金至斗jījīnzhìdǒuaccumulategolduntilBigDipper36 ChapterFourAnalysisofConceptualMetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseIdiomsItmeanstoamassgreatwealth.(38)铜山金穴tóngshānjīnxuécoppermountaingoldcaveItdemonstratesconsiderablewealth.(39)炊金馔玉chuījīnzhuànyùcookgoldeatjadeItdescribestherichandextravagancelife.(40)床头金尽chuángtóujīnjìnbedheadgoldexhaustMoneyrunsout.ThroughanalyzingsomeChineseidioms,theauthorpointsoutthat“Jin”isalwaysusedtometaphoricallystandforwealthintheseexamples.Intheexample(34),rìjìndǒujīn(日进斗金)literallymeans“toearnabucketofgoldeveryday”.Asamatteroffact,itisnotusedliterallybutmetaphoricallywhichdenoteswealth.Theexamples(35),(36),(37)and(38)alsosharethesamemetaphorwiththeformerone.Besides,asasymbolofwealth,“Jin”isalsousedtodescribeone’sliving,nomatteritis“extravagance”or“poverty”asintheexamples(39)and(40).Obviously,itisnotanexactdescriptionofone’sdiet,butanexaggerationtodepictone’srichandgorgeouslife—tocookandeatrareandsuperbfoodwhichcostsalotofmoney.Therefore,“Jin”symbolizeswealth.Similarly,ifpeoplehavesufferedthelossofwealth,theyhavetoliveinthepoverty.4.1.6STANDARDISJINBecauseofitshighhardness,“Jin”givespeopleasenseofstrictness.Therefore,ifthehardnessof“Jin”isexpectedtobethestandard,theconceptualmetaphorSTANDARDISJINstressesonthestiffnessofthestandard.Because“Jin”hasahighmeltingpointandstablechemicalnature,itcanbemappedontoSTANDARDto37 西南大学硕士学位论文measureorjudgethings.Therefore,JINextendsthemetaphoricalmeaningtoSTANDARD.(40)金科玉律jīnkēyùlǜgoldsciencejadelawThegoldenrulecannotbechanged.(41)金口玉音jīnkǒuyùyīngoldmouthjadesoundAuthoritativewordscannotbechanged.(42)试金石shìjīnshítextgoldstoneTouchstonereferstothereliableandaccuratemethod(43)十二金牌shíèrjīnpáitentwogoldboardThetwelvegoldmedallionsrefertotheurgencyorder.Alloftheabovefiveexamplesrefertothestandardstoreachandtheprinciplestofollow.Forinstance,jīnkēyùlǜ(金科玉律),thisChineseidiomreferstothegoldenrulecannotbechanged.Becausethehardnessof“Jin”isprojectedontoSTANDARD,theconceptualmetaphorSTANDARDISJINhighlightstherigidnessofthestandard.ThesameconceptualmetaphoralsocanbefoundinsomeothersimilarChineseidioms,suchasjīnkēyùniè(金科玉臬),jīnkēyùtiáo(金科玉条),jīnkǒuyùyá(金口玉牙),jīnkǒuyùyán(金口玉言),jīnkǒuyùyán(金口御言)andyùlǜjīnkē(玉律金科).4.2ExperientialBasesofConceptualMetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseIdiomsMajorcategoriesofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”aresummarizedintheformer38 ChapterFourAnalysisofConceptualMetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseIdiomspart.Inthispart,theauthoraimstoahaveafurtherdiscussionofwhattheexperientialbasesoftheseconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”are.Fromcognitiveperspective,embodimentphilosophylaidthefoundationfortheexperientialbasisofcognitivelinguistics.Conceptualmetaphorsarenotpurefantasybutonthebasisofphysicalexperience.LakoffandTurner(1989)believethatpeoplegetnumerousconcepts,involvingwhattheythinkofasdirectphysicalthingslikerocks,rivers,headsandlegs,whichareunderstoodbybodilyexperience.Inaddition,LakoffandJohnson(1980)haveperceivedthateveryexperiencethathappensinthecontextofculturalpresuppositions,thedistinctionbetweenexperiencesthatare“more”physicalandthosethatare“more”culturalcanstillbemade.Therefore,itcanbesafelysaidthattheconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomshavetwoexperientialbases:thebodilyexperientialbasisandculturalexperientialbasis.4.2.1BodilyExperientialBasisBodilyexperience,likeanyotherexperience,isacquiredthroughperceptionindailylife.Metaphoricalcognitionderivesfrombodilyexperiencewhichisbasedontheinformationformedbyvision,hearing,taste,smell,andtouch.Thewayofcognitionisdirect,andasthecognitiveresult,theidiomsmustalsosemanticallyreflecttheobjectiveandconcretethings.Itisnodoubtthattheseveralcategoriesofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inthepreviouspartaregroundedinthephysicalexperience.Thatistosay,theseconceptualmetaphorsaretheresultsfrompeople’sobservationandinteractionwith“Jin”innature.Thisthesisaimstoexplainthebodilyexperientialbasisofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomsfromthefollowingaspects:hardness,color,meltingpoint,andquantityrespectively.Sometypicalconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”onbodilyexperientialbasiswithexampleswillbestatedinthefollowingpart.Frompeople’sperceptionofthehardnessof“Jin”,HUMANBEINGSAREJINisatypicalconceptualmetaphor.Inancienttime,thepurificationof“Jin”hasnotbeenwell-developed,so“Jin”wasmoreorlessmixedupwithothermetals.“Jin”withimpuritiesismuchharderthanpureone.Becauseofthis,peoplefailedtoacquirethetrueattributeof“Jin”whichwerewidelyusedtomeansomethinghard.Inthe39 西南大学硕士学位论文conceptualmetaphorHUMANBEINGSAREJIN,physiqueandfriendshipofhumanbeingshavecloserelationswiththehardnessof“Jin”.AncientChinesepeopleusetheperceptionofthehardnessof“Jin”inmanyChineseidioms,suchaslìdìjīngāng(立地金刚),andjīnlánqìyǒu(金兰契友).STANDARDISJINisalsoanothertypicalconceptualmetaphorwhichgroundedinpeople’sbodilyinteractionwith“Jin”.Tobemorespecific,thisinteractionistheperceptionofthehardnessof“Jin”.Inancienttime,peoplefound“Jin”hashighstabilityandcannotbeeasilyoxidizedduringtheprocessofmetallurgy.So,“Jin”ishardandgivespeopleasenseofhardness.TheconceptualmetaphorSTANDARDISJINstressesonthestiffnessofthestandard.Frompeople’sperceptionofthecolorof“Jin”,theconceptualmetaphorGOODOBJECTS/PHENOMENAAREJINcanbeagoodexample.ThroughancientChinesepeople’sobservationindailylife,theyhavefoundthat“Jin”hasitsownspecialcolor.Besides,“Jin”cangiveoffgoldenandbrightradiance.AncientChinesepeoplehaveperceivedthatthecolorof“Jin”couldbringcomfortableandgoodfeelingstothem.So,theyhavealwaysused“Jin”todescribegoodobjectsorphenomenainlife.ThiskindofphysicalexperiencewasadaptedintosomeChineseidiomsincluding“Jin”charactersuchasjīnguāngcànlàn(金光灿烂),jīnbìhuīhuáng(金碧辉煌),andsoon.Frompeople’sperceptionofthemeltpointof“Jin”,theconceptualmetaphorHUMANBEINGSAREJINcanbeatypicalexample.AccordingtoancientChinesepeople’sobservationindailylife,theyhavefoundthat“Jin”hasahighmeltingpointof1064degree.Thus,“Jin”doesnotmelteasilyinflames.Becauseofthis,“Jin”possessesthestability.Therefore,thestabilityof“Jin”ismappedontoCHARACTER.AncientChinesepeopleusedthestabilityof“Jin”todescribetheperseverantandendurablecharacterofhumanbeings.ThiskindofbodilyexperiencewasadaptedintosomeChineseidiomsincluding“Jin”characterlikezhēnjīnbùpàhuǒliàn(真金不怕火炼),zhēnjīnbùpàhuǒláishāo(真金不怕火来烧),andlièhuǒjiànzhēnjīn(烈火见真金).Frompeople’sperceptionofthequantityof“Jin”,theconceptualmetaphorVALUBLEOBJECTSAREJINservesasaconvincingexample.Ancientpeoplehaveperceivedthatthequantityof“Jin”innatureislimited.Thisisthereasonwhyitoften40 ChapterFourAnalysisofConceptualMetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseIdiomsregardedasakindofpreciousmetal.Therefore,“Jin”possesseshighvalue.Thevalueof“Jin”isoftenmappedontootherobjectsthroughmetaphor,whichgivesrisetothemetaphoricalextensionJINtoVALUABLEOBJECTS.Forexample,intheChineseidiomyīcùnguāngyīnyīcùnjīn(一寸光阴一寸金),yīnuòqiānjīn(一诺千金),andcùntǔchǐjīn(寸土尺金).4.2.2CulturalExperientialBasisLakoffandJohnson(1980)explainsthateveryexperienceinlifetakesplacewithinavastbackgroundofculturalpresuppositions.Itwouldbemorecorrecttosaythatallexperienceisculturalthroughandthrough,thatpeopleexperiencetheworldinsuchawaythatcultureisalreadypresentedineveryexperienceitself.Apartfromthebodilyexperientialbasis,culturalexperientialbasisalsoplaysaveryimportantroleinformingtheconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms.Thatistosay,theseconceptualmetaphorsaretheresultsoftheinteractionofculturefromancientChinesepeople.Thisthesisaimstoexplaintheculturalexperientialbasisofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomsfromthefollowingaspects:Chinesemetalcurrencyculture,ancientChinesemetallurgyculture,Chinesefeudalmonarchyandancientofficialsealsystemrespectively.TheChinesemetalcurrencyculturehadaprofoundimpactontheconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms.TheconceptualmetaphorWEALTHISJINiscloselyrelatedtoChinesemetalcurrencyculture.ThetargetdomainWEALTHispartiallydeterminedbythefactthat“Jin”wasmoldedintocoinsandfunctionedascurrencyinsomehistoricalperiodsinancientChina.Inanatureway,themoremoneyapersonhas,thewealthierheorsheis.Therefore,thereisaconnectionestablishedbetween“Jin”andwealth.ThiskindofculturalexperiencewasadaptedintosomeChineseidiomsincluding“Jin”charactersuchasduījīndiéyù(堆金叠玉),jīnyùmǎntáng(金玉满堂),tóngshānjīnxué(铜山金穴).ItcanbesafelysaidtheconceptualmetaphorWEALTHISJINwouldnotexistwithouttheChinesemetalcurrencyculture.TheancientChinesemetallurgycultureexertedgreatinfluenceontheconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms.Itisacknowledgedthattheprocesstomineis41 西南大学硕士学位论文verycomplicatedanddifficultinancienttime.So,“Jin”wasexploitedinasmallamount.Peoplecanunderstandthatathingisvaluedinproportiontoitsrarity.Thus,theconceptualmetaphorVALUABLEOBJECTSAREJINisgroundedinChinesemetallurgyexperience.ThiskindofculturalexperiencewasadaptedintosomeChineseidiomsincluding“Jin”charactersuchasyīcùnguāngyīnyīcùnjīn(一寸光阴一寸金),yīnuòqiānjīn(一诺千金),andcùntǔchǐjīn(寸土尺金).TheChinesefeudalmonarchyhadahugeimpactontheconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms.InancientChina,emperorshaveimperialpowertodecideeverythinginthewholecountry.Andtheirwordswereregardedasstandardwhichothersshouldabideby.Thus,STANDARDISJINisgroundedinChinesefeudalmonarchy.SomeChineseidiomscanreflectthisculturalexperientialbasislikejīnkēyùniè(金科玉臬)jīnkēyùtiáo(金科玉条)andjīnkǒuyùyán(金口御言).Theancientofficialsealsystemplayedanindispensableroleinformingtheconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms.Differentlevelsofofficialsandroyalfamilymembersofdifferentidentitiesaregivendifferentmaterials.Thosewhoweregranted“Jin”enjoyhighstatus.Therefore,“Jin”iscloselyrelatedwiththehighpositions.Later,metaphorically,Jinnotonlyoccupiedthehighpositionintheroyalfamilyorthegovernment,butalsostoodforthehighstatusineconomyandeducation.ThiskindofculturalexperiencewasadaptedintosomeChineseidiomsinvolving“jin”charactersuchaschóngjīnjiānzǐ(重金兼紫),yāojīntuōzǐ(腰金拖紫),yūjīnyèzǐ(纡金曳紫)anděrjīntuōzǐ(珥金拖紫).4.3CognitiveFunctionsofMetaphorRevealedbyConceptualMetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseIdioms4.3.1UnderstandingAbstractConceptsSomeabstractconceptssuchaswealth,time,standard,andsoonpresentasignificantchallengetopeople’sperceptionoftheworld.Conceptsofthesekindsareabstractinthesensethattheycannotbestraightforwardlyaccountedforintermsofperceptualknowledgebecauseit’snotclearwhattheirperceptualbasisis,andevenwhethertheyhaveone.Metaphorscanbedividedintorootmetaphorsandderivativemetaphorsfromtheperspectiveofcognitivefunction.Rootmetaphoristhecore42 ChapterFourAnalysisofConceptualMetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseIdiomsconceptofmetaphor,whichisinhigherlevelofconceptualmetaphors;butderivativemetaphorsarethespecificlanguageexamplesofarootmetaphor.HerewetakeTIMEISJINasanexampleasarootmetaphor;thederivativemetaphorsofTIMEISJINinclude:“Youarewastingmytime.”;“Wearerunningoutoftime”andsoon.Rootmetaphorhasbettercognitionvaluethanderivativemetaphor,foritisthecoreconceptdeeplyhidinginhumanbeing’sconceptualsystemandplaysanimportantroleinourwayofthinkingandspeaking.OnthebasisoftheConceptualMetaphorTheory,adetailedstudyisconductedonconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms.Analysisofthedatademonstratestheconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”,asrootmetaphorsinChineseculture,actasaveryimportantchannelforpeopletounderstandabstractconceptsandthinkabstractly.LakoffandJohnson(1980)arguethatabstractconceptsarebasedonembodiedexperience,andsoisourperceptionoftheworld,evenifthegroundingisnotdirect.Thefindingsofthisstudycanbeoneofthesupportingmaterialsofthisviewpoint.Amongthecategoriesofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms,manyoftargetdomainsbelongtoabstractconcepts,suchascharacterandfriendshipofhumanbeings,standard,socialstatus,wealthandsoon.Forexample,thestudyfindsthatpeoplegenerallyunderstandtheabstractconcept“highsocialstatus”dependingonthemoreconcreteconcept“Jin”.“Jin”hasitshighvalue,sodoeshighsocialstatusintheChineseidiom“yūjīnyèzǐ(纡金曳紫)”.Anothertypicalexample,thestudyalsofindsthatpeoplegenerallyunderstandtheabstractconcept“characterofhumanbeings”relyingonthemoreconcreteconcept“Jin”.“Jin”hastheattributeofphysicalandchemicalstability,sodoesthepersistentanddauntlesscharacterofhumanbeingsintheChineseidiom“zhēnjīnlièhuǒ(真金烈火)”.Whenitcomestotheconceptof“GuangYin(光阴)”,peoplemayhavetheimpressionofabstractandintangibility.However,theChineseidiom“yīcùnguāngyīnyīcùnjīn(一寸光阴一寸金)”makesthisconceptmoretangibleandconcrete.Peoplecanperceiveitaccordingtotheirunderstandingoftheattributeof“Jin”.CombiningwiththeaforementionedexamplesinChineseidioms,itcanbesafelyconcludedthatthesemetaphorsfacilitatepeople’sunderstandingofabstractconcepts.43 西南大学硕士学位论文4.3.2GeneratingNewKnowledgeandNewPerspectiveAnotherimportantcognitivefunctionrevealedbyconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomsistogeneratenewknowledgeandnewperspective.ShuDingfang(2000)pointsoutthatpeoplecanusemetaphortolearnnewknowledgeandacquirenewcognition.Withthehelpofmetaphor,peoplecanunderstandtheexperienceofonedomaininthelightofthatinanotherdomainwhicharenewortoohardtounderstand.Thatistosay,theuseofmetaphoristoexplainsomethingunknowninaccordancewithsomethingknown,toexpandknowledgeandtoenhancecomprehension.Agoodmetaphorneednotbeestablishedonthebasisofsimilaritieswhichhaveknowntous;themetaphorsbasedonsimilarity-creatinghavemoreimportantvalueofcognition.Forexample,“goodarticles”and“Jin”aretotallytwounrelatedobjectsandtherearen’tanyphysicalsimilaritiesbetweenthem.Beforethedescriptionof“Jin”correspondsto“goodarticles”inliteratures,peoplewillbeunabletothinkthattherearesomesimilaritiesbetween“goodarticles”and“Jin”.However,enlightenedbyancientChinesepeoplethattheyareindeedsimilarlytosomeextent.IntheChineseidioms“jīnhuīyùjié(金辉玉洁)”and“jīnxiāngyùzhèn(金相玉振)”,thegoodorganization,splendiddiction,catchyrhythmandprofoundmeaningofarticlesbringdelightwhichissimilarto“Jin”bringstopeople.Goodarticlesownhighartisticvalues,justlike“Jin”withvaluableattributes.Basedonsuchsimilarities,theconceptualmetaphorGOODARTICLESAREJINhighlightthebeautyandpleasure.Therefore,theconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomsimprovepeople’sabilitytogetnewknowledgeandenrichtheirlanguage.4.4SummaryThischaptergivesacomprehensiveanalysisontheconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomsfromaspectsofcategories,experientialbases,andcognitivefunctionsofmetaphor.Theauthordiscussesthemajorcategoriesofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomsbylayingoutsomeexamples.Tosumup,sixmajorcategoriesofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomscouldbegeneralized,namelyVALUABLEOBJECTSAREJIN,GOODOBJECTS/PHENOMENAAREJIN,HUMANBEINGSAREJIN,HIGHSOCIAL44 ChapterFourAnalysisofConceptualMetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseIdiomsSTATUSISJIN,WEALTHISJIN,andSTANDARDISJIN.Amongthem,theformationofconceptualmetaphorGOODOBJECTS/PHENOMENAAREJINisonthebasisofconceptualmetonymies.AccordingtoConceptualMetaphorTheory,metaphorservesasabasiccognitivewayofhumanbeings,whichisrootedinexperience.Thatistosay,metaphorisanimportantandpervasivemethodforconstructingconceptualsystemofhumanbeings,existingindailylife,thought,language,andphilosophy.Therefore,nometaphorscanberepresentedorcomprehendedwithouttheirexperientialbases.Thus,conceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomshavenoexception.Insum,thebodilyexperientialbasismainlyreferstopeople’scognitionforthephysicalattributesof“Jin”:hardness,color,meltingpoint,andquantity.TheculturalexperientialbasiscomprisesChinesemetalcurrencyculture,ancientChinesemetallurgyculture,Chinesefeudalmonarchyandancientofficialsealsystem.Thecognitivefunctionsofmetaphorrevealedbyconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomscanbesummarizedthatpeoplecouldusemetaphorstounderstandabstractconceptsandtogeneratenewknowledgeandnewperspective.Tobemorespecific,peoplecouldcommonlyunderstandabstractconceptintermsoftheconcreteconcept—“Jin”.Besides,peoplecouldusetheconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”togeneratenewknowledgeandnewperspective.45 ChapterFiveConclusionUptillnow,thisthesishasmadeadetailedanalysisofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms.Inthischapter,abriefsummaryofthethesiscoveringthemajorfindingsandimplicationswillbediscussedinsection5.1.Thenthelimitationsandsuggestionsforthepresentstudywillalsobeproposedinsection5.2.5.1MajorFindingsandImplications“Jin”isoneofthemostfundamentalelementsinnature,whichhascarriedtheChinesecivilizationforthousandsofyears.Inancienttime,peoplelearnedthepropertiesof“Jin”andused“Jin”forcurrencies,ornaments,buildingmaterials,andsoon.Therefore,ancientChinesepeoplegotveryfamiliarwith“Jin”.That’swhy“Jin”widelyexistsinancientChineseespeciallyinChineseidioms.BasedontheConceptualMetaphorTheory,thisthesishasbeendevotedtostudyingtheconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms(“Jin”asthesourcedomain).Itgoesontoanalyzethemaincategoriesoftheseconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”,theexperientialbasesoftheseconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”andthecognitivefunctionsofmetaphorrevealedbytheseconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”.Allthe471Chineseidiomsincluding“Jin”characterarecollectedfrombothChineseIdiomDictionaryandTheGreatChineseDictionary(http://www.hydcd.com/).Throughcarefullyidentifyingtheselinguisticdata,theauthorfindsthat“Jin”insomeidiomshasnometaphoricalmeaning.Therefore,theauthorfindsthatonly285idiomscanbeusedastheeffectivedataforthisstudy.Afteranalyzingthedata,theauthorgeneratesthefollowingfindings:Firstly,sixmajorcategoriesofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomscouldbegeneralized,namelyVALUABLEOBJECTSAREJIN,GOODOBJECTS/PHENOMENAAREJIN,HUMANBEINGSAREJIN,HIGHSOCIALSTATUSISJIN,WEALTHISJIN,andSTANDARDISJIN.Amongthese46 ChapterFiveConclusionconceptualmetaphors,JINservesasthesourcedomain,thetargetdomainslikeVALUABLEOBJECTS,GOODOBJECTS/PHENOMENA,andHUMANBEINGSincludeanumberofsub-domains.Besides,theformationofGOODOBJECTS/PHENOMENAAREJINbasesontwokindsofconceptualmetonymies.Secondly,theexperientialbasesoftheseconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomslieinthebodilyexperientialbasisandtheculturalexperientialbasis.Thebodilyexperientialbasismainlyreferstopeople’sinteractionwiththephysicalattributesof“Jin”,includinghardness,color,meltingpointandquantity.TheculturalexperientialbasiscomprisesChinesemetalcurrencyculture,ancientChinesemetallurgyculture,Chinesefeudalmonarchyandancientofficialsealsystem.Thirdly,theconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomsexploredinthisstudyreflectthecognitivefunctionsofmetaphor.Theseconceptualmetaphorsfacilitatetheunderstandingofabstractconcepts,suchashighsocialstatus,wealth,andstandard.Theseconceptualmetaphorsalsoserveasgoodknowledgegeneratorswithstrongcapabilitiestoexplaintheunknownintermsoftheknownandtocreatenewperspectivetoviewthings.Allinall,withthehelpofqualitativeanalysis,thisthesispurportstomakeananalysisofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidiomssoastoshedlightonhowtheConceptualMetaphorTheorycanbeappliedtoinvestigateChineseidioms.First,comparedwithotherconceptualmetaphorresearchesinChinese,thisthesisbelongstotheveryfewstudieswhichstartfromthesourcedomainoftheconceptualmetaphor.Inthisstudy,“Jin”servesasamodelforsomemostfundamentalconceptsinChineseculture.Therefore,thisthesiswillbeasupplementtothestudyofmetaphorinChinese,providingreferenceforresearchesonsimilarlinguisticphenomena.Second,thisthesiswillhelpforeignlearnersofChineselanguagebetterunderstandidiomsincluding“Jin”characterandimprovetheircompetencetoavoidculturalshockseffectively.Third,thisthesiswillhelptranslatorseliminatethemisunderstandingsof“Jin”inChinese-Englishtranslation.Finally,thisthesiswillhelppeoplecomprehendtherelationsamongChinesepeople’sthinkingmodel,Chineselanguage,andChineseculture.47 西南大学硕士学位论文5.2LimitationsandSuggestionsAlthoughalotofeffortshavealreadybeenputintothisstudy,thisthesisstillhassomeinevitablelimitations.CollectingChineseidiomsincluding“Jin”characterisatime-consumingworkandneedsgreateffortsinordertoensuretheprecision.Certainly,theconclusionwillbemoreconvincingifthelinguisticdatacouldbeenlargedtoinvolveallChineseidiomsincluding“Jin”characterinsteadofthoseonlyfromtwodictionaries.First,duetothelimitedreferences,time,andauthor’sabilities,thediscussionsandresultsofthisstudyarenotsoadequatelyconvincing.Second,accordingtotheauthor’spersonalunderstanding,theabundantdatamaybeincorrectlycategorizedinthisthesis,andmanyofthemneedsmoreproofstotestifythefeasibilityofthecategorization.Finally,itisexpectedthatthisstudycanservetoinspiremoreresearcherstoabetterstudyofconceptualmetaphorsof“Jin”inChineseidioms.48 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References赵艳芳(ZhaoYanfang).(2000).认知语言学概论.上海:上海外语教育出版社.53 AppendixLinguisticDataonChineseIdiomsIncluding“Jin”Character1.VALUABLEOBJECTSAREJIN一诺千金一笑千金一言千金一字千金一字百金一壸千金一刻千金一顾千金一饭千金一字兼金至信辟金烈火见真金一攫千金薪桂米金燕骏千金一字值千金一纸千金至信辟金一寸光阴一寸金一寸山河一寸金败子回头金不换家书抵万金浪子回头金不换一言既出，金玉不移中河失舟，一壶千金中流失舟，一壶千金家有弊帚，享之千金家有敝帚，享之千金惜墨如金惜墨若金惜字如金敝帚千金弊帚千金寸土尺金万金不换钿合金钗万金良药不吝金玉石室金匮石缄金匮石室金鐀闻鼓而进，闻金而退金钗细合金钗钿合金帛珠玉金壶墨汁黄金时间黄金时代千金一壶千金一诺黄金世界千金难买千金买赋千金市骨量金买赋千金不换千金一瓠千金一刻千金之诺千金敝帚千金一笑千金一掷千金弊帚寸金难买寸光阴金石良言金玉良言金玉之言金石之言金玉锦绣一言为重，百金为轻千金用兵，百金求间金玉货赂54 Appendix2.GOODOBJECTS/PHENOMENAAREJIN金波玉液金精玉液金浆玉醴金浆玉液玉液金波金徽玉轸玉箫金琯玉液金浆披沙捡金砂里淘金淘沙取金沙里淘金排沙简金排沙见金披沙拣金群口铄金披沙简金披沙沥金淘沙得金金题玉躞金镳玉辔金镳玉络金友玉昆玉昆金友玉箫金管金书铁卷金碧辉煌金璧辉煌辉煌金碧金翅擘海玉振金声掷地金声错彩镂金乃玉乃金击玉敲金戛玉敲金锵金铿玉戛玉鸣金戛玉锵金敲金击玉敲金戛玉锵金鸣玉敲金击石作金石声铿金戛玉镂金错采蹙金结绣金鳷擘海镂金错彩铿金霏玉金声玉振金淘沙拣金相玉振金相玉质金相玉式金声玉润金声掷地玉质金相金相玉映镂金铺翠金章玉句掷地作金石声金辉玉洁3.HUMANBEINGSAREJIN烈火真金璞玉浑金烈火见真金精金百炼真金不怕火来烧真金不怕火炼真金不镀真金烈火金刚怒目金刚努目金刚眼睛立地金刚烈火金刚架海金梁契合金兰情坚金石契若金兰金兰之契义结金兰断金之交金兰之友心如金石百忍成金管鲍分金55 西南大学硕士学位论文膝下有黄金男儿两膝有黄金辞金蹈海百金之士金无足赤浑金白玉精金美玉精金良玉良金美玉浑金璞玉璞金浑玉金兰契友金兰之交金石交情金石不渝金石之交金玉其质金闺国士金石为开金石可开金牙铁齿二人同心，其利断金金石至交精诚所加，金石为开精诚所加，金石为亏精诚所至，金石为开金声玉服金声玉色金无足赤，人无完人4.HIGHSOCIALSTATUSISJIN金枝玉叶玉枝金叶金铛大畹金钉朱户金闺玉堂金印系肘衣紫腰金纡朱怀金玉叶金枝金榜题名金榜挂名紫绶金章背紫腰金纡佩金紫玉堂金马玉叶金柯千金之体千金之家拖金委紫重金兼紫腰金拖紫纡金曳紫腰金衣紫阿娇金屋金紫银青珥金拖紫带金佩紫横金拖玉怀金垂紫封金挂印钩金舆羽佩金带紫千金贵体怀金拖紫千金之子千金之子，不死于市千金小姐千金之子，坐不垂堂金屋娇娘金印紫绶金章紫绶金枝花萼金印如斗56 Appendix5.WEALTHISJIN腰金骑鹤赢金一经酌金馔玉床头金尽裘弊金尽裘敝金尽琼厨金穴琼府金穴琼楼金阙铜山金穴摆袖却金纸醉金迷银屏金屋家累千金家累千金，坐不垂堂积玉堆金日进斗金齐人攫金一金之俸拾金不昧金尽裘敝金尽裘弊一掷千金馔玉炊金堆金积玉捐金沉珠捐金抵璧摸金校尉迷金醉纸堆金迭玉堆金叠玉炊金馔玉挥金如土积金至斗积金累玉金门绣户金迷纸醉金迷纸碎金镶玉裹金银财宝金玉满堂金装玉裹6.STANDRADISJIN金科玉律金口玉牙金口御言玉圭金臬金科玉臬金科玉条玉律金科金口玉音金口玉言十二金牌试金石金字招牌57
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