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1、UnitOneText:YouAreWhatYouThinkAndifyouchangeyourmind-frompessimismtooptimism-youcanchangeyourlifeClaipeSafran[1]Doyouseetheglassashalffullratherthanhalfempty?Doyoukeepyoureyeuponthedoughnut,notuponthehole?Suddenlytheseclichesarescientificquestions,asresearcherssc
2、rutinizethepowerofpositivethinking.[2]Afast-growingbodyofresearch一104studiessofar,involvingsome15,000people一isprovingthatoptimismcanhelpyoutobehappier,healthierandmoresuccessful.Pessimismleads,bycontrast,tohopelessness,sicknessandfailure,andislinkedtodepression,l
3、onelinessandpainfulshyness.'Tfwecouldteachpeopletothinkmorepositively/sayspsychologistCraigA.AndersonofRiceUniversityCDinHouston②，"itwouldbelikeinoculatingthemagainstthesementalills.*1[3]"Yourabilitiescount,"explainspsychologistMichaelF.ScheierofCarnegieMellonUni
4、versity③inPittsburgh®,"butthebeliefthatyoucansucceedaffectswhetherornotyouwill."Inpart,that'sbecauseoptimistsandpessimistsdealwiththesamechallengesanddisappointmentsinverydifferentways.[1]Take,forexample,yourjob.Inamajorstudy,psychologistMartinE.P.SeligmanoftheUn
5、iversityofPennsylvania®andcolleaguePeterSchulmansurveyedsalesrepresentativesattheMetropolitanLifeInsuranceCo.Theyfoundthatthepositive-thinkersamonglongtimerepresentativessold37-percentmoreinsurancethandidthenegative-thinkers・Ofnewlyhiredrepresentatives,optimistss
6、old20-percentmore・[2]Impressed,thecompanyhired100peoplewhohadfailedthestandardindustrytest©buthadscoredhighonoptimism・Thesepeople,whomightneverhavebeenhired,sold10percentmoreinsurancethandidtheaveragerepresentative.[6]Howdidtheydoit?Thesecrettoanoptimistssuccess,
7、accordingtoSeligman,isinhis'Explanatorystyle1*.Whenthingsgowrongthepessimisttendstoblamehimself."I'mnogoodatthis,nhesays,nIalwaysfail/'Theoptimistlooksforloopholes.Heblamestheweather,thephoneconnection,eventheotherperson.Thatcustomerwasinabadmood,hethinks.Whenthi
8、ngsgoright,theoptimisttakescreditwhilethepessimistseessuccessasafluke.[7]CraigAndersonhadagroupofstudentsphonestrangersandaskthemtodonatebloodtotheRedCross®・Wh
