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1、UnitOneText:YouAreWhatYouThinkAndifyouchangeyourmind-frompessimismtooptimism-youcanchangeyourlifeClaipeSafran[1]Doyouseetheglassashalffullratherthanhalfempty?Doyoukeepyoureyeuponthedoughnut,notuponthehole?Suddenlytheseclichésarescientificquestions,asresearchersscrutinizethepowe
2、rofpositivethinking.[2]Afast-growingbodyofresearch—104studiessofar,involvingsome15,000people—isprovingthatoptimismcanhelpyoutobehappier,healthierandmoresuccessful.Pessimismleads,bycontrast,tohopelessness,sicknessandfailure,andislinkedtodepression,lonelinessandpainfulshyness."If
3、wecouldteachpeopletothinkmorepositively,"sayspsychologistCraigA.AndersonofRiceUniversity①inHouston②，"itwouldbelikeinoculatingthemagainstthesementalills."[3]"Yourabilitiescount,"explainspsychologistMichaelF.ScheierofCarnegieMellonUniversity③inPittsburgh④,"butthebeliefthatyoucans
4、ucceedaffectswhetherornotyouwill."Inpart,that'sbecauseoptimistsandpessimistsdealwiththesamechallengesanddisappointmentsinverydifferentways.[4]Take,forexample,yourjob.Inamajorstudy,psychologistMartinE.P.SeligmanoftheUniversityofPennsylvania⑤andcolleaguePeterSchulmansurveyedsales
5、representativesattheMetropolitanLifeInsuranceCo.Theyfoundthatthepositive-thinkersamonglongtimerepresentativessold37-percentmoreinsurancethandidthenegative-thinkers.Ofnewlyhiredrepresentatives,optimistssold20-percentmore.[5]Impressed,thecompanyhired100peoplewhohadfailedthestanda
6、rdindustrytest⑥buthadscoredhighonoptimism.Thesepeople,whomightneverhavebeenhired,sold10percentmoreinsurancethandidtheaveragerepresentative.[6]Howdidtheydoit?Thesecrettoanoptimist'ssuccess,accordingtoSeligman,isinhis"explanatorystyle".Whenthingsgowrongthepessimisttendstoblamehim
7、self."I'mnogoodatthis,"hesays,"Ialwaysfail."Theoptimistlooksforloopholes.Heblamestheweather,thephoneconnection,eventheotherperson.Thatcustomerwasinabadmood,hethinks.Whenthingsgoright,theoptimisttakescreditwhilethepessimistseessuccessasafluke.[7]CraigAndersonhadagroupofstudentsp
8、honestrangersandaskthemtodonatebloodtotheRedCross⑦.Whe
