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1、RatsandMen"Insoluble"ProblemsProfessorN.R.F.MaieroftheUniversityofMichiganperformedaseriesofexperimentsseveralyearsagoinwhich"neurosis"isinducedinrats.Theratsarefirsttrainedtojumpofftheedgeofaplatformatoneoftwodoors.Iftheratjumpstotheright,thedoorholdsf
2、ast,anditbumpsitsnoseandfallsintoanet;ifitjumpstotheleft,thedooropens,andtheratfindsadishoffood.Whentheratsarewelltrainedtothisreaction,thesituationischanged.Thefoodisputbehindtheotherdoor,sothatinordertogettheirrewardtheynowhavetojumptotherightinsteado
3、ftotheleft.(Otherchanges,suchasmarkingthetwodoorsindifferentways,mayalsobeintroducedbytheexperimenter.)Iftheratfailstofigureoutthenewsystem,sothateachtimeitjumpsitneverknowswhetheritisgoingtogetfoodorbumpitsnose,itfinallygivesupandrefusestojumpatall.Att
4、hisstage,Dr.Maiersays,"Manyratsprefertostarveratherthanmakeachoice."密执安大学的N.R.F.麦耶教授几年前做过一系列可以诱导鼠产生“神经官能症”的实验。首先训练鼠由平台边缘跳向两个门中的一个。如果鼠向右跳，右门是碰不开的，那么鼠就撞了鼻子并掉进网里；如果鼠向左跳，左门就打开，鼠就会找到一碟食物。在鼠已很熟悉这一反应时，就改变情况：把食物放在另外一扇门后，这样鼠要想得到犒赏就不能向左跳，而要向右跳了。(实验者也可采用其他变化形式，比如用
5、不同的方式标记两个门。)如果鼠弄不懂新规则，它每次跳时决不知是会得到食物还是会撞鼻子。最终它就会放弃，拒绝再跳。到这一步，麦耶博士说：“许多鼠宁愿挨饿也不再做选择。”Next,theratsareforcedtomakeachoice,beingdriventoitbyblastsofairoranelectricshock."Animalswhichareinducedtorespondintheinsolubleproblemsituation,"saysDr.Maier,"settledownt
6、oaspecificreaction(suchasjumpingsolelyatthelefthanddoor)whichtheycontinuetoexecuteregardlessofconsequences....Theresponsechosenundertheseconditionsbecomesfixated....Oncethefixationappears,theanimalisincapableoflearninganadaptiveresponseinthissituation."
7、Whenareactiontotheleft-handdooristhusfixated,theright-handdoormaybeleftopensothatthefoodisplainlyvisible.Yettherat,whenpushed,continuestojumptotheleft,becomingmorepanickyeachtime.Whentheexperimenterpersistsinforcingtherattomakechoices,itmaygointoconvuls
8、ions,racingaroundwildly,injuringitsclaws,bumpingintochairsandtables,thengoingintoastateofviolenttrembling,untilitfallsintoacoma.Inthispassivestate,itrefusestoeat,refusestotakeanyinterestinanything:itcanberolledupintoaballorsuspen
