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1、本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译原文：TheRoleofPublicManagersinPublicPolicyPublicManagementPublicmanagersrarelyplayaleadingroleinpolicytheory,buttheyarenotaltogethermissingeither.Infact,publicmanagershaveplayedanimportantroleinanumberofframeworks,servingasonepointintheirontriangles,providersofinformation,memberso
2、fadvocacycoalitions,facilitatorsofparticipatorypolicymaking,andmanymore.However,thesetreatmentsofpublicmanagersareoftenone-dimensional,andtheyrarelyincorporatetheknowledgethatpublicmanagementscholarshaveaccumulated.Forexample,considerhowprincipal–agentmodelstreatconceptsofmanagersandmanagemen
3、t.Scholarsoftenlumppublicmanagers,street-levelbureaucrats,andagency-specificcharacteristicsintoasingleentityknownonlyas“thebureaucracy.”Thequestionthenbecomesoneofhowpoliticalinstitutionsenableorconstrainthiscompositebureaucraticmonolithtoobtainpolicyoutcomes.Managementinthesemodels,ifitappea
4、rsatall,takesplaceattheinstitutionallevelthroughvariousadministrativeandstructuraldecisionsmadebyCongress(e.g.,Bawn,1995,1997;Shipan,2004;andMcCubbins,Noll,&Weingast,1987,1989),orthepresident(e.g.,Wood&Waterman,1991).Thesemodelshavecontributedgreatlytoourunderstandingofpolicydesign,buttheymis
5、ssomeofthecriticalvariationgeneratedbyindividualbehaviorwithinthedecision-makingprocesses.Oneofthebasicfactsofimplementationisthatindividuals,notinstitutions,makethemajorityofdecisionsthatdrivepolicy.TheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA),asaninstitution,doesnotdecidetoselectivelyenforceagains
6、tonecompanyandnotanother.Rather,theinstitution(i.e.,theEPA)supportstheenforcementdecisionthatwasmadebyanindividualsomewherewithinthepolicymakingsystem.Thus,lookingonlyattheconstraintsplacedupontheinstitutionpaintsaflawedpicture,incapableofrenderinganaccurateportrayalofthosefactorsthatdirected
7、themicro-leveldecisions.Lookingatpolicystrictlyfromthestreet-levelbureaucrats’vantage(e.g.,Lipsky,1980),however,resultsinanequallyincompletepicture.Fromthisperspective,publicmanagerspossessincentivesthatareatoddswiththoseofthebureaucratsbelow
