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1、—CHAPTER9Voluntarism,Structuralism,andOtherEarlyApproachestoPsychologyManyifnotallindividualscoveredintheprecedingchapterplantedtheseedsthatgrewintoexperimen-talpsychology.Thehonorofformallyfoundingex-perimentalpsychology,however,isgiventoWilhelmWundt.Ifwewantedtoreadaboutexperimentalpsy-cholo
2、gypriortoWundt,wecoulddosobyconsultingtheworkofsuchindividualsasHelmholtz,Weber,andFechner.Wundt,however,tookthediverseachievementsofmanyothersandsynthesizedthemintoaunifiedprogramofresearchthatwasorganizedaroundcertainbeliefs,procedures,andmethods.Asearlyas1862Wundtperformedanexperi-mentthatle
3、dhimtobelievethatafull-fledgeddisci-plineofexperimentalpsychologywaspossible.UsingtheapparatusshowninFigure9.1,Wundtshowedthatittookabout1/10ofasecondtoshiftone’sat-tentionfromthesoundofthebelltothepositionofthependulumorviceversa.Wundtbelievedthat,withhis“thoughtmeter,”hehaddemonstratedthathum
4、anscouldattendtoonlyonethoughtatatimeandthatittakesabout1/10ofasecondtoshiftfromonethoughttoanother.FromthisearlyexperimentWundtconcludednotonlythatexperimentalpsychologyisfeasiblebutFigure9.1thatsuchapsychologymuststressselectiveatten-Wundt’s“thoughtmeter.”Theclockwasarrangedsothatthependulum
5、(B)swungalongacalibratedscaletion,orvolition.(M).Theapparatuswasarrangedsothatabell(g)wasWundtsuddenlyrealizedthathewasmeasuringthestruckbythemetalpole(s)attheextremesofthespeedofacentralmentalprocess,thatforthefirstpendulum’sswing(d,b).Wundtdiscoveredthatifhetime,hethought,aself-consciousexper
6、imentalpsy-lookedatthescaleasthebellsounded,itwasneverinchologywastakingplace.Thetimeittakestopositiondorbbutsomedistanceawayfromeither.switchattentionvoluntarilyfromonestimulustoThus,determiningtheexactpositionofthependulumanotherhadbeenmeasured—itvariedaroundaasthebellsoundedwasimpossible.Re
7、adingsweretenthofasecond.alwaysabout1/10ofasecondoff.WundtconcludedAtthismoment,theunfoldingofWundt’stheo-thatonecouldeitherattendtothepositionofthereticalsystembegan.Foritwasnotthesimplefactpendulumortothebell,butnotbothatthesametimeof
