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1、14FrenchMarxism–existentialismtostructuralismsunilkhilnaniIntroductionInitsnineteenth-centuryheyday,Marxismwasanavowedlyinternationalistdoctrinepromisinguniversalhumanemancipation;itstwentieth-centuryfate,though,wastosplinterunderthepressureofmorelocalconcerns,andtobeforcedintor
2、estrictivenationalboundaries.IntheEast,Marxismbecameanideologyofthestate;intheWest,itremainedoutsidetheportalsofstatepower,insomecountriesrelegatedtothemarginsofpubliclife,inothersachievingacertainculturalcentrality.InFrance,thelatterwasemphaticallythecase.Ofallthesenationalform
3、stakenbyMarxismintheWest,theFrenchspeciesdevelopedcomparativelylate.Itcametoprominenceafter1945–almostthreedecadesafterthewaveofrevolutionaryupheavalhadsweptotherpartsofEurope.YetaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,France–ormoreprecisely,Paris–almostovernightestablisheditselfasthemos
4、timportantforginghouseforWesternideasofrevolution.ThetheoriesandideasthatemanatedfromtheFrenchcapitalgainedaspectaculareminenceinMarxistthoughtacrosstheglobe,andprovokeddevelopmentsthattookMarxismintoareasquiteremotefromitsfoundingpreoccupations.Thehistoryofthisintellectualepiso
5、deis,therefore,avitalandvividfragmentofthehistoryoftwentieth-centuryradicalthought.ThehistoryofMarxisminFrancelendsitselftoboldnarrative-shaping.Ithasadefinitebeginning–signalledbyitsmeteoricpost-warentryintoFrenchdebate–andanequallydecisiveterminus,markedbyitsswiftcol-lapseinthe
6、mid-1970s.Tothearticulateandintensemindsthatpartici-patedinit,itisastorytoldoftenintragicorconfessionalmode.Thebrighthopesoftheearlyyears,whenrevolutionseemedpossible,yieldtoahis-toryofdefeatedambitions–todisappointmentandultimatelytorejection299CambridgeHistoriesOnline©Cambridg
7、eUniversityPress,2008VarietiesofMarxismoftheveryideaofrevolutionitself,whichcametobeseenasintrinsicallytwinnedtopoliticalterror.Indeed,theexitfromMarxismwas,fortheFrenchthemselves,asimportantapartofFrenchMarxism’shistoryasitsactualcontent.DuringthealmostthreedecadesthatMarxismdo
8、minatedtheFrenchintellectuallandscape,itprovide
