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1、—CHAPTER7RomanticismandExistentialismStartingwiththeRenaissancehumanists(seechap-Also,Enlightenmentthinkersdevaluedtheirra-ter4),theauthorityofthechurchbegantobeques-tional(forexample,emotional)aspectsofhumantionedandaperiodofmoreobjectiveinquirycon-nature.Itisno
2、wonderthattheEnlightenmentisof-cerningtheworldandhumansensued.TheworkoftenreferredtoastheAgeofReason(Inwood,1995,suchindividualsasCopernicus,Kepler,Galileo,p.236).Hobbes,Newton,Bacon,andDescartesusheredinAccordingtoInwood(1995,p.237),itisnottheperiodinphilosophyr
3、eferredtoastheEnlight-clearexactlywhentheEnlightenmentbegananditenment.ThetermEnlightenmentwasusedtocon-isevenlessclearwhenitended,ifiteverdid.Inanytrasttheperiodwiththeirrationalityandsupersti-case,Enlightenmentidealswereembracedbythetionthatwasthoughttocharacte
4、rizetheDarkAges.Britishempiricists(especiallybyHobbes,Locke,andForEnlightenmentthinkers,whotendedtobeeitherJ.S.Mill),theFrenchsensationalists,andtheposi-deistsoroutrightatheists,“beliefsaretobeacceptedtivists(seechapter5).Enlightenmentepistemologyonlyonthebasisof
5、reason,notontheauthorityglorifiedsensoryexperiencesandrationality,thetwoofpriests,sacredtexts,ortradition”(Inwood,1995,primarycomponentsofscience.Infact,aswasnotedp.236).Furthermore,knowledgewaspower.Knowl-inchapter5,theBritishandFrenchempiricistsat-edgemeantunder
6、standingtheabstractprinciplestemptedtoapplyNewtoniansciencetoanunder-governingtheuniverseandpowermeantapplyingstandingofhumannature.Thatis,theyattemptedtothatknowledgetoimprovesociety.DuringtheEn-explainhumannatureobjectivelyintermsofafewlightenmentitwaswidelybel
7、ievedthatsocietalper-basicprinciples.fectioncouldbeapproximatedthroughtheapplica-AlthoughthephilosophiesofHume(seechaptertionofobjective(forexample,scientific)knowledge5)andKant(seechapter6)sharedmanyoftheidealsand,therefore,theperiodwascharacterizedbycon-oftheEnl
8、ightenment,theirphilosophiesdidmuchsiderableoptimism.toshowthelimitationsofhumanrationality.Forex-ClearlyfortheEnlightenmentthinkersthemostample,HumeandKantdem
