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1、1. Whatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguage?A.arbitrariness:Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds B.productivity:Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.
2、 C.duality:Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures.Atthelowerlevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Buttheycanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargernumberofunitsofmeaning,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofthesystem.The
3、ntheunitsatthehigherlevelcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences. D.displacement:Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker. E.culturaltransmission:Whilehumancapacityfrolanguagehasagene
4、ticbasis,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemhavetobetaughtandlearned.2. HowaretheEnglishconsonantsclassified?Whatarethephonemesineachcategory?Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintwoways:oneisintermsofmannerofarticulationandtheotherisintermsofplaceofartic
5、ulation.a.Mannerofarticulation:stops,fricatives,affricates,liquids,nasals,glides.b.Placeofarticulation:bilabial,labiodental,dental,alveolar,palatal,velar,glottalc.Voicing:BilabialLabiodentalDentalAlveolarPalatalVelarGlottalStopsVLptkVDbdgFricativesVLfθ
6、s∫hVDvðzЗAffricatesVL(t∫)t∫VD(dЗ)dЗNasalsVDmnηLiquidsVDl,rGlidesVDwj3. HowaretheEnglishvowelsclassified?Whatarethephonemesineachcategory?A.Accordingtothepositionofthetongueinthemouth:front,central,backB.Accordingtoopennessofthemouth:close,semiclo
7、se,semiopen,openC.Accordingtotheshapeofthelips:rounded,unroundedFrontCentralBackCloseSemi-closeSemi-openOpeni:IeæɑaЗ:зΛu:υ):ɑ:l)4. Explainwithexamplesthesequentialrule,theassimilationrule,andthedeletionrule.1.Sequentialrulereferstotherulethatgove
8、rnsthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.Forexample,ifawordbeginswitha[l]ora[r],thenthenextsoundmustbevowel.2.Assimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.Forexa
