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1、《现代语言学》问答题1.WhatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguagethathavebeenspecifiedbyC.Hocketttoshowthatitisessentiallydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsystem?ArbitrarinessItmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Agoodexampleisthefactthatdifferentso
2、undsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.ProductivityLanguageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Thisiswhytheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences.DualityLangua
3、geisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures.Atthelowerlevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofthesystem.Thentheunitsatth
4、ehigherlevelcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.DisplacementLanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thispropertyprovidesspeakerswithanopportunitytotalkaboutawiderangeofthings,freefrombarrierscau
5、sedbyseparationintimeorplace.CulturaltransmissionLanguageisculturallytransmitted.Itispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearningratherthanbyinstinct.Incontrast,animalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.2.HowaretheEnglishconsonantsclassifi
6、ed?1)bymannerofarticulation.a.stops（plosive爆破音）:[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g]b.fricatives（磨擦音）:[f],[v],[s],[z],[θ],[ð],[∫],[ʒ],[h]c.affricates（破擦音）:[t∫],[dʒ]d.liquids（lateral边音，流音）:[l],[r]e.nasals（鼻音）:[m],[n],[ŋ]f.glides（semivowels半元音）:[w],[j]2)byplaceofarticula
7、tion:a.bilabial（双唇音）:[p],[b],[m],[w]b.labiodental（唇齿音）:[f],[v]c.dental（舌齿音）:[θ],[ð]d.alveolar（齿龈音）:[t],[d],[s],[z],[n],[l],[r]e.palatal（腭音）:[∫],[ʒ],[t∫],[dʒ],[j]f.velar（软腭音）:[k],[g],[ŋ]g.glottal（喉音，声门单）:[h]73.WhatcriteriaareusedtoclassifytheEnglishvowels?英
8、语的元音是如何分类的？1)Accordingtothepositionofthetongue,vowelsmaybedistinguishedasfrontvowelssuchas[i:][i][e][æ][a],centralvowelssuchas[ɜ:][ə][ʌ],andbackvowelssuchas[u:][ʊ][ɔ:][ɔ][ɑ:]2)Accordingtotheopennessofthemouth
