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1、TheEconomicsofJointForcesProfessorKeithHartleyCentreforDefenceEconomicsUniversityofYorkIntroduction:theneedforcriticalevaluationThe1998StrategicDefenceReviewconfirmedtheincreasingimportanceofjointforcesandtheneedtoextendthejointapproachthroughoutdefence,embracingth
2、efrontline,commandstructuresandsupportareas.“Successinmodernwarfaredependsonjointteamwork.Battlesandwarsarewonbymaritime,groundandairforcesoperatingeffectivelytogetherinsupportofsharedmilitaryobjectives”(SDREssays,1998,p8-1).Afurtherofficialstatementstressedthat“Th
3、econceptofusingJointForceswiththethreearmsoftheServicesoperatingtogether,istodaymoreandmoreimportantasthetraditionaldistinctionsbetweenmaritime,landandairoperationshavebeenremoved.TheNavy,ArmyandRAFrelyoneachotherandcombinedtheyprovideagreaterpunchthanpossibleassep
4、arateelements.Byincreasing‘jointery’wearenotproposingtoamalgamatethethreeServicesintoasingleamorphousdefenceforce.ThereisgreatvalueintheseparateidentitiesanddistinctcharacteristicsoftheNavy,ArmyandAirForce...becausetheneedsofthemodernbattlefieldstillrequirethespeci
5、alistskillsandethosofeachService...”(JointForces,MoD,1999,pp1-2).Thevariousargumentsforjointeryappearpersuasivebutsuchimpressionsneedtobeevaluatedmorecarefullyandcritically.Whilstthereisageneralabsenceofeconomicsliteratureonjointery,economistswouldapproachthesubjec
6、tbyfocusinginitiallyonthedefenceeconomicsproblemandtheneedfordifficultchoicesinaworldofuncertainty.Typically,theeconomist’staskistoidentifytherangeofchoicestogetherwiththemyths,emotionandspecialpleadinginthecaseforjointeryandtosubjecttheseclaimstoeconomicanalysis,e
7、mpiricaltestingandcriticalevaluation(Hartley,1998).AstartingpointrequiresanoutlineofthemainfeaturesofUKjointforces.ThestylisedfactsofUKJointForcesJointoperationsarenotanewconcept,butpreviouslytheywereimplementedonanadhocbasisduringcrisisorwar.FutureUKdefencepolicya
8、ndplanningwillbebasedonjointforces(SDR,Essays,1998;MoDJointForces,1999).BeforetheStrategicDefenceReview(SDR),thereweresomejointforceinitiatives,n
