假言三段论的假设

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1、假言三段论的假设[推荐]假言三段论的假设假言三段论的假设l具有“如果p,则q的形式，与之相矛盾的形式：“P且非Q”或“非Q且P”l当一些推论由问题的时候，一定要用一些非常强的假设，如only,theonly,wheather---ornot,all1Iftheairspacearoundcentrallylocatedairsportswererestrictedtocommercialairlinersandonlythoseprivateplanesequippedwithradar,mostoftheprivateplanestrafficwouldbeforced

2、touseoutlyingairfields.suchareductionintheamountofprivate-planetrafficwouldreducetheriskofmidaircollisionaroundthecentrallylocatedairports.标准形式：前提1：iftheairspacearoundcentrallylocatedairportswererestrictedtocommercialairlinersandonlythoseprivateplanesequippedwithradar.结论：mostoftheprivatep

3、lanestrafficwouldbeforcedtouseoutlyingairfields.2Inordertobehappy,onemusthaveanintimaterelationshipwithanotherperson.yettheworld’sgreatestcomposersspentmostoftheirtimeinsolitudeandhadnointimaterelationships.sothepsychologicaltheorymustbewrong.标准形式：ifp(tobehappy),thenq(onemusthaveanintimat

4、erelationshipwithanotherperson).结论：Butitswrong.┐q前提：p3iftheeditionsoldinBritainwereinAmericanEnglish,itsidiomsandspellingswouldappeartoBritishreaderstobestrikinglyAmerican结论：toconflictwiththenovel’ssetting.标准形式：思路归缪法（排除其他可能）注意NO前提：4Inabureaucracy,alldecisionsarearrivedatbyaprocessthatinvo

5、lvesmanypeople.Thereisnoonepersonwhohastheauthoritytodecidewhetheraprojectwillproceedornot.结论：inbureaucracy,riskyprojectsareneverundertaken.标准形式：1)onlyonepersondecisionisariskyproject.2)排除5theapplesoldinthiscafeteriaaregreasy.Thecashiertoldmethattheapplesareinthatconditionwhentheyaredeliv

6、eredtothecafeteriaandthatthecafeteriadoesnotwashtheapplesitsells.Mostfruitissprayedwithdangerouspesticidesbeforeitisharvested,andisdangerousuntilitiswashed.Clearly,thecafeteriaissellingpesticide-coveredfruit,therebyendangeringitspatrons.标准形式：1）彻底排除在进入饭店以前被清洗的可能二，小结：如果论证都是有明显缺陷的，假设的作用在于弥补其

7、中的缺陷。而对于一个一个论证而言，最严重的缺陷就是反例的存在，即与论证的结论相矛盾的命题的存在。从这个角度而言，假设的作用就是防止反例的产生，排除反例的存在。然而，要弥补一个有缺陷的论证，排除一个有缺陷的论证的反例，其假设一定视角绝对的，或者说是较苛刻的。这种假设在语言的标志是使用诸如ALL,EVERY,NO,ONLY,ATLEASTZ这样的词去从一道GMAT的逻辑看出去TheOfficialguardforGMATpage545174In1987sinusitiswasthemostcommonchronicmedicalc