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1、.Chapter1Translationcanrefertothegeneralsubjectfield,theproductortheprocess.Theprocessoftranslationbetweentwodifferentwrittenlanguagesinvolvesthetranslatorchanginganoriginalwrittentextintheoriginalverballanguageintoawrittentextinadifferentverballanguage.Threecategoriesoftrans
2、lationbytheRussian-AmericanstructuralistRomanJakobson1intralingualtranslation语内翻译：Rewording,aninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofothersignsofthesamelanguage;2interlingualtranslation语际翻译:Translationproper*,aninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofsomeotherlanguage;3intersemiotic
3、translation语符翻译transmutation,aninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofsignsofnon-verbalsignsystems.Historyofthediscipline1,Fromlateeighteenthcenturytothe1960s:partoflanguagelearningmethodologyTranslationworkshop,comparativeliterature,contrastiveanalysis2,JamesSHolmes“thenameandn
4、atureoftranslationstudies”(foundingstatementforthefield)3,1970:Reiss:texttypeReissandVermeer:textpurpose(theskopostheory)Halliday:discourseanalysisandsystemicfunctionalgrammar4,1980Themanipulationschool:descriptiveapproach,polysystem5,1990SherrySimon:GenderresearchElseVieira:
5、BraziliancannibalistschoolTejaswiniNiranjana:PostcolonialtranslationtheoryLawrenceVenuti:cultural-studies-orientedanalysis...Holmes’smapoftranslationstudiesTheobjectivesofthepureareasofresearch:1,descriptivetranslationtheory:thedescriptionofthephenomenaoftranslation2,translat
6、iontheory:theestablishmentofgeneralprinciplestoexplainandpredictsuchphenomenaPure:theoreticalanddescriptiveDTS:descriptivetranslationstudies1,product-orientedDTS:existingtranslations,text(diachronicorsynchronic)2,function-orientedDTS:thefunctionoftranslationsintherecipientsoc
7、ioculturalsituation(socio-translationstudiesorcultural-studies-orientedtranslation)3,process-orientedDTS:thepsychologyoftranslation(laterthink-aloudprotocols)RelationbetweenTheoreticalanddescriptiveTheresultsofDTSresearchcanbefedintothetheoreticalbranchtoevolveeitherageneralt
8、heoryoftranslationor,morelikely,partialtheoriesoftranslation.Partial
