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1、IntroducingTranslationStudies—TheoriesandApplicationsName:ZhuMiClass:English1122013/12/249IntroducingTranslationStudies—TheoriesandApplicationsI.Mainissuesoftranslationstudies1.1TheconceptoftranslationThetermtranslationitselfhasseveralmeanings:itcanrefert
2、othegeneralsubjectfield,theproductortheprocess.Theprocessoftranslationbetweentwodifferentwrittenlanguagesinvolvesthetranslatorchanginganoriginalverballanguageintoawrittentextinadifferentverballanguage.—interlingualtranslationTheRussian-Americanstructurali
3、stRomanJakobsoninhisseminalpaper”Onlinguisticaspectsoftranslation’gavehiscategoriesasintralingualtranslation,interlingualtranslationandintersemiotictranslation.1.2Whataretranslationstudies?Writtenandspokentranslationstraditionallywereforscholarshipandreli
4、giouspurposes.Yetthestudyoftranslationasanacademicsubjecthasonlyreallybeguninthepastfiftyyears,thankstotheDutch-basedUSscholarJamesS.Holmes.Reasonsforprominence:first,therehasbeenaproliferationofspecializedtranslatingandinterpretingcoursesatbothandundergr
5、aduateandpostgraduatelevel;second,othercourses,insmallernumbers,focusonthepracticeofliterarytranslation;the1990salsosawaproliferationofconferences,booksandjournalsontranslationinmanylanguages;inaddition,varioustranslationeventswereheldinIndia,andanon-line
6、translationsymposiumwasorganized.1.3AbriefhistoryofthedisciplineThepracticeoftranslationwasdiscussedby,forexample,CiceroandHoraceandStJerome;theirwritingsweretoexertanimportantinfluenceupuntilthetwentiethcentury.Thestudyoftranslationofthefielddevelopedint
7、oanacademicdisciplineonlyinthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury.Beforethat,translationhadnormallybeenmerelyanelementoflanguagelearninginmodernlanguagecourses,knownforthegrammar-translationmethod.WiththeriseofthedirectmethodorcommunicativeapproachtoEnglishla
8、nguageteachinginthe1960sand1970s,thegrammar-translationmethodfellintoincreasingdisrepute.IntheUSA,translationwaspromotedinuniversitiesinthe1960sbythetranslationworkshopconcept.Runningparalleltoitwasthatofcomparative
