part iii evolution - the biology corner第三部分进化生物学的角落

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1、CHAPTER17DarwinandEvolution17.1HistoryofEvolutionaryThought1.In1831,CharlesDarwin,a22-year-oldnaturalist,acceptedapositionaboardtheshipHMSBeaglethatbeganavoyagearoundtheworld;itprovidedDarwinwithmanyobservations.2.Thepre-Darwinianworld-viewwasdifferentfromthepost-Darwinian.a.Pre-Darwi

2、nianworld-viewwasdeterminedbyintractabletheologicalbeliefs.1)Theearthisyoung.2)Eachspecieswasspeciallycreatedanddidnotchangeovertime.3)Variationsareimperfectionsvaryingfromaperfectly-adaptedcreation.4)Observationsaretosubstantiatetheprevailingworldview.b.Darwin’sideaswerepartofalarger

3、changeinthoughtalreadyunderwayamongbiologists;thisconceptwouldeventuallybeknownasevolution.A.Mid-Eighteenth-CenturyContributions1.CarolusLinnaeusandTaxonomya.Taxonomyisthescienceofclassifyingorganisms;taxonomyhadbeenamainconcernofbiology.b.CarolusLinnaeus(1707–1778)wasaSwedishtaxonomi

4、st.1)Linnaeusdevelopedabinomialsystemofnomenclature(two-partnamesforeachspecies[e.g.,Homosapiens]).2)Hedevelopedasystemofclassificationforallknownplants.3)Likeothertaxonomistsofhistime,Linnaeusbelievedintheideasofa)specialcreation—eachspecieshadan“ideal”structureandfunction;andb)fixit

5、yofspecies—eachspecieshadaplaceinthescalanaturae,asequentialladderoflife.2.GeorgesLouisLeclerca.GeorgesLouisLeclerc,knownbyhistitle,CountBuffon(1707–1788),wasaFrenchnaturalist.b.Hewroteonthenaturalhistoryofallknownplantsandanimals,providedevidenceofdescentwithmodification.d.Hiswriting

6、sspeculatedoninfluencesoftheenvironment,migration,geographicalisolation,andthestruggleforexistence..3.ErasmusDarwina.ErasmusDarwin(1731–1802)wasCharlesDarwin’sgrandfather.b.Hewasaphysicianandanaturalistwhosewritingsonbothbotanyandzoologycontainedmanycommentsthatsuggestedthepossibility

7、ofcommondescent.c.Hebasedhisconclusionson1)changesundergonebyanimalsduringdevelopment,2)artificialselectionbyhumans3)thepresenceofvestigialorgansd.ErasmusDarwinofferednomechanismbywhichevolutionarydescentmightoccur.B.LateEighteenth-/Early-NineteenthCenturyContributions1.CuvierandCatas

8、troph