0195156188.Oxford.University.Press.USA.Genesis.The.Evolution.of.Biology.Sep.2003

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1、Genesis:TheEvolutionofBiologyJANSAPPOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESSThispageintentionallyleftblankGenesisTheEvolutionofBiology120033OxfordNewYorkAucklandBangkokBuenosAiresCapeTownChennaiDaresSalaamDelhiHongKongIstanbulKarachiKolkataKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityMumbaiNairobiSãoP

2、auloShanghaiTaipeiTokyoTorontoCopyright©2003byJanSappPublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NewYork10016http://www.oup-usa.orgOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortran

3、smitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniversityPress.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataSapp,Jan.Genesis:theevolutionofbiology/byJanSapp.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferences.ISBN0-19-515618-8;

4、ISBN0-19-515619-6(pbk.)1.Biology—History.2.Evolution(Biology)—History.3.Genetics—History.I.Title.QH305.S272003570—dc212002152271135798642PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaperForCarole,Will,andElliotThispageintentionallyleftblankAlittleLearningisadang’rousthing;Drinkdeep,ortas

5、tenotthePierianspring:Thereshallowdraughtsintoxicatethebrain,Anddrinkinglargelysobersusagain.Fir’datfirstsightwithwhattheMuseimparts,InfearlessyouthwetempttheheightsofArts,Whilefromtheboundedlevelofourmind,Shortviewswetake,norseethelengthsbehind;Butmoreadvanc’d,beholdwithstrangesurpriseNe

6、wdistantscenesofendlesssciencerise!AlexanderPope(1688–1744),“ALittleLearning”ThispageintentionallyleftblankPrefaceWhatisevolution?Whatisanorganism?Whatisagene?Thisbookexplorestheseconceptsandthecontroversiesthathavesurroundedthem.Itaimstoprovideashorthistoryofbiology,onethatcanbereadbyno

7、nspecialistsandonethatin-corporatesnewevolutionaryresearchprograms,contemporaryDarwinianandnon-Darwiniantheory,changingconceptsoftheorganism,andshiftingconceptsofthegene,allofwhichadvanceresearchtoday.Acentralquestionmotivatingthebookis:Whydidthehistoryofbiologyandevoluti