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1、第七章静态与动态(Stativevs•Dynamic)英语倾向于多用名词，因而叙述呈静态(stative)；汉语倾向于多用动词，因而叙述呈动态(dynamic)oR.Quirk等人对静态和动态曾作如下解释：Broadlyspeaking,nounscanbecharacterizednaturallyas'stativeinthattheyrefertoentitiesthatareregardedasstable,whethertheseareconcrete(physical)likehouse
2、,table,paper,orabstract(ofthemind)likehope,botany,length・Attheoppositepole,verbscanbeequallynaturallycharacterizedas'dynamicT:theyarefitted(bytheircapacitytoshowtenseandaspect,forexample)toindicateaction,activityandtemporaryorchangingconditions.Thesere
3、lationsbetweentheopenclassescanbesummarizedthus：STATIVEnoun?adjectiveDYNAMICverbadverb英语的静态倾向，主要表现在以下几方面：一、名词^(Nominalization)是英语常见的现象。名词化主要指用名词来表达原来属于动词(或形容词)所表达的概念，如用抽彖名词来表达动作、行为、变化、状态、品质、情感等概念。S.Potter在aChangingEnglish一书中曾指出英语“名词优势于动词”的倾向(prepondera
4、nceofnounsoververbs)o这种名词优豹往往可以使表达比较简洁，造句比较灵活，行文比较自然，也便于表达较为复杂的思想内容。试比较：Thedoctorarrivedextremelyquicklyandexaminedthepatientuncommonlycarefully;theresultwasthatherecoveredveryspeedily.Thedoctor?sextremelyquickarrivalanduncommonlycarefulexaminationofth
5、epatientbroughtabouthisveryspeedyrecovery.医生迅速到达，并非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。Freedom-lovingpeopleeverywherecondemnedthembecausetheyviolatedtheagreementreachedatHelsinkiandabusedbasichumanrightsintheirowncountry.Theabuseofbasichumanrightsintheirowncountryinv
6、iolationoftheagreementreachedatHelsinkiearnedthemthecondemnationoffreedom-lovingpeopleeverywhere.他们违反在赫尔辛基达成的协议，在国内侵犯基木人权。因此受到了各地热爱自由的人们的谴责。运用名词化表达法(nominalstyle)对以使叙述较为准确，贴切，但也会使语言抽象、难解。O.Jespersen指出：Itseemspossibletoexpressideaswithgreaterprecisionan
7、dadequacybymeansofnounsthanbymeansofthemorepictorialverbs.…Whenweexpressbymeansofnounswhatisgenerallyexpressedbyfiniteverbs,ourlanguagebecomesnotonlymoreabstract,butmoreabstruse,owingamongotherthingstothefactthatintheverbalsubstantivesomeofthelife-givi
8、ngelementsoftheverb(time,mood,person)disappear.Whilethenominalstylemaythereforeservethepurposesofphilosophy,where,however,itnowandthendoesnothingbutdisguisesimplethoughtsinthegarbofprofoundwisdom,itdoesnotlenditselfsowelltothepurposesof
