戴伟栋 新编简明英语语言学教程笔记

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1、-戴版语言学ChapterOne----IntroductionPartone----Whatislinguistics?1.Definition----linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Scientificmeansitisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.NoArticlebeforela

2、nguageinthisdefinitionmeansthatlinguisticsstudieslanguageingeneral.Linguists’task:basicallystudyandunderstandthegeneralprinciplesuponwhichalllanguagesarebuilt.Interestoflinguistsis“whatissaid”2.ThescopesoflinguisticsGenerallinguistics----thestudyoflanguageasawhole-----thecoreoflingui

3、sticsPhonetics----thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.Phonology----thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningsincommunication.Morphology----thestudyofthewayinwhichthesymbolsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwords.Syntax-----thestudyoftherulesforsentenceformationSeman

4、tics-----thestudyofmeaning.Pragmatics----thestudyofmeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse.AbovearemadeupofthecoreoflinguisticsSociolinguistics-----thestudyofallsocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyfromthecoreofthebranch.Psycholinguistics-----thestudyoflanguageprocessing,comprehe

5、ndingandproduction,aswellaslanguageacquisition.Appliedlinguistics-----theapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.3.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics.(1)prescriptivevs.descriptiveprescriptive----thelinguistic

6、studyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay.Descriptive----thelinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.Modernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive.(2)Synchronicvs.diachronicSynchron

7、ic----thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.Diachronic----thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime----thehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime----anothername:historicallinguistics.Asynchronicapproachenjoyspriorityoveradiachronicone.(3)Speechvs.writingT

8、womajormedia