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1、TWOSCHOOLSOFTHOUGHTINTHEREVOLUTIONINPHYSICSATTHETTherevolutioninphysicsattheendofthenieenthandthebeginningofthetthetraditionalone,especiallyoteacademicdiscussion,tofurtherexplorethephilosophicsignificanceofthisscientificrevolution,andtoenrichteachingandresearchinnaturaldialectics.Fromthebeginningo
2、ftheeighteenthcentury,physicistscametoregardNeechanicsastheresearchprogramforallfieldsofphysics,totheextentthatitbecamethesupremeauthorityandultimatestandardofscientificinterpretation.Untiltheendofthenieenthcentury,physicistsalmostuniversallybelievedthatallphysicalphenomenacouldbeexplainedfromthep
3、erspectiveofmechanics.Hoofneentsanddiscoveriesstances,somephysicistscametodoubttheuniversalapplicationandabsolutereliabilityoftheclassicaltheory.Oneafteranother,theybegantocriticizethebasicconceptsandprinciplesechanicsandtochallengethedominantmechanisticvieedschoolseachotherevenintheirbasicguiding
4、ideologies.SomescholarshavedividedthemintotheEnergeticSchool,theMechanicalSchool,and,intermediatebetastheRealistandSymbolicSchools.IintotheMechanicalSchoolandtheCriticalSchool,basedonthedifferentattitudestoechanics.SomepreviouspublicationsintheSovietUnion,EasternEurope,JapanandChinahavetendedtoove
5、remphasizetheMechanicalSchoolandbelittletheCriticalSchool,evenentirelydenyingitsroleinthedevelopmentofphysics.Ithinkthisisnotentirelyaccurate.Thisarticleundertakesapreliminaryexaminationanddiscussionofthisissue,basedonthehistoricalcontextandrelevantoriginalsources.I.TustbenotedthattheMechanicalSch
6、ool,bers,madeindeliblecontributionstothedevelopmentofclassicalphysics.Anearlyrepresentativeofthisschool,G.R.Kirchhoff,didextensiveportantmilestoneinresearchonheatradiation.H.vonHelmholtzmadeoutstandingcontributionstothermodynamicsandelectricity.In1847hepublishedanimportantbook,UberdieErhaltungderk
7、raft,aboutenergyconservationandconversion.J.C.Maxodynamics,optics,molecularphysics,thetheoryofthecharacteristicsoffluids,etc.Inparticular,heproposedthedistributionlaolecularmotionandthelaagicfieldequationsin1864,
