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1、TheModernRevolutioninPhysicsBenjaminCrowellBook6intheLightandMatterseriesoffreeintroductoryphysicstextbookswww.lightandmatter.comTheModernRevolutioninPhysicsTheLightandMatterseriesofintroductoryphysicstextbooks:1NewtonianPhysics2ConservationLaws3VibrationsandWaves4Electricity
2、andMagnetism5Optics6TheModernRevolutioninPhysicsTheModernRevolutioninPhysicsBenjaminCrowellwww.lightandmatter.comLightandMatterFullerton,Californiawww.lightandmatter.comcopyright1998-2003BenjaminCrowelledition3.0rev.November4,2003ISBN0-9704670-6-0ToGretchen.BriefContents1Rela
3、tivity132RulesofRandomness413LightasaParticle654MatterasaWave835TheAtom111Contents2RulesofRandomness2.1RandomnessIsn’tRandom....432.2CalculatingRandomness.....44Statisticalindependence,44.—Additionofprobabilities,45.—Normalization,46.—Averages,46.2.3ProbabilityDistributions..
4、...48Averageandwidthofaprobabilitydistribution,49.2.4ExponentialDecayandHalf-Life..51R2.5ApplicationsofCalculus....56Summary.............58Problems.............601Relativity1.1ThePrincipleofRelativity.....141.2DistortionofTimeandSpace...17Time,17.—Space,19.—Nosimultaneity,19.
5、—Applications,21.1.3Dynamics...........26Combinationofvelocities,26.—Momentum,27.—Equivalenceofmassandenergy,30.Summary.............35Problems.............373LightasaParticle3.1EvidenceforLightasaParticle..663.2HowMuchLightIsOnePhoton?..68Thephotoelectriceffect,68.—Anunex-pect
6、eddependenceonfrequency,68.—Numericalrelationshipbetweenenergyandfrequency,70.3.3Wave-ParticleDuality......73Awronginterpretation:photonsinter-feringwitheachother,74.—Theconcept10ofaphoton’spathisundefined.,74.—5TheAtomAnotherwronginterpretation:thepi-5.1ClassifyingStates.....
7、...112lotwavehypothesis,75.—Theprobability5.2AngularMomentuminThreeinterpretation,75.Dimensions............1133.4PhotonsinThreeDimensions...78Three-dimensionalangularmomentuminSummary.............79classicalphysics,113.—Three-dimensionalProblems.............80angularmomentumi
8、nquantumphysics,113.5.3TheHydrogenAtom.......1155.4?EnergiesofStates