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1、Book6intheLightandMatterseriesoffreeintroductoryphysicstextbookswww.lightandmatter.comTheLightandMatterseriesofintroductoryphysicstextbooks:1NewtonianPhysics2ConservationLaws3VibrationsandWaves4ElectricityandMagnetism5Optics6TheModernRevolutioninPhysicsBenjaminCrowellwww.lightandmatter.comFull
2、erton,Californiawww.lightandmatter.comcopyright1998-2003BenjaminCrowelledition3.0rev.29thSeptember2006ThisbookislicensedundertheCreativeCom-monsAttribution-ShareAlikelicense,version1.0,http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/1.0/,exceptforthosephotographsanddrawingsofwhichIamnottheauthor,asl
3、istedinthephotocredits.Ifyouagreetothelicense,itgrantsyoucertainprivilegesthatyouwouldnototherwisehave,suchastherighttocopythebook,ordownloadthedigitalversionfreeofchargefromwww.lightandmatter.com.Atyouroption,youmayalsocopythisbookundertheGNUFreeDocumentationLicenseversion1.2,http://www.gnu.o
4、rg/licenses/fdl.txt,withnoinvariantsections,nofront-covertexts,andnoback-covertexts.ISBN0-9704670-6-0ToGretchen.BriefContents1Relativity132RulesofRandomness433LightasaParticle674MatterasaWave855TheAtom111Contents2RulesofRandomness2.1RandomnessIsn’tRandom....452.2CalculatingRandomness.....46Sta
5、tisticalindependence,46.—Additionofprobabilities,47.—Normalization,48.—Averages,48.2.3ProbabilityDistributions.....50Averageandwidthofaprobabilitydistribution,51.2.4ExponentialDecayandHalf-Life..53R2.5ApplicationsofCalculus....58Summary.............60Problems.............621Relativity1.1ThePri
6、ncipleofRelativity.....141.2DistortionofTimeandSpace...18Time,18.—Space,20.—Nosimultaneity,20.—Applications,22.1.3Dynamics...........27Combinationofvelocities,27.—Momentum,28.—Equivalenceofmassandenergy,31.Summary.............37Problems.............393LightasaParticle3.1EvidenceforLightasaPart
7、icle..683.2HowMuchLightIsOnePhoton?..71Thephotoelectriceffect,71.—Anunex-pecteddependenceonfrequency,71.—Numericalrelationshipbetweenenergyandfrequency,73.3.3Wave-ParticleDuality......76Awronginterpretation:photonsinter-feringwitheachoth
