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1、TWOSCHOOLSOFTHOUGHTINTHEREVOLUTIONINPHYSICSATTHETURNOFTHECENTURYTherevolutioninphysicsattheendofthenieenthandthebeginningofthetthetraditionalone,especiallyoteacademicdiscussion,tofurtherexplorethephilosophicsignificanceofthisscientificrevolution,andtoenrichteachingandresear
2、chinnaturaldialectics.Fromthebeginningoftheeighteenthcentury,physicistscametoregardNeechanicsastheresearchprogramforallfieldsofphysics,totheextentthatitbecamethesupremeauthorityandultimatestandardofscientificinterpretation.Untiltheendofthenieenthcentury,physicistsalmostuniv
3、ersallybelievedthatallphysicalphenomenacouldbeexplainedfromtheperspectiveofmechanics.Hoofneentsanddiscoveriesstances,somephysicistscametodoubttheuniversalapplicationandabsolutereliabilityoftheclassicaltheory.Oneafteranother,theybegantocriticizethebasicconceptsandprinciplese
4、chanicsandtochallengethedominantmechanisticvieedschoolseachotherevenintheirbasicguidingideologies.SomescholarshavedividedthemintotheEnergeticSchool,theMechanicalSchool,and,intermediatebetastheRealistandSymbolicSchools.IintotheMechanicalSchoolandtheCriticalSchool,basedonthed
5、ifferentattitudestoechanics.SomepreviouspublicationsintheSovietUnion,EasternEurope,JapanandChinahavetendedtooveremphasizetheMechanicalSchoolandbelittletheCriticalSchool,evenentirelydenyingitsroleinthedevelopmentofphysics.Ithinkthisisnotentirelyaccurate.Thisarticleundertakes
6、apreliminaryexaminationanddiscussionofthisissue,basedonthehistoricalcontextandrelevantoriginalsources.I.TustbenotedthattheMechanicalSchool,bers,madeindeliblecontributionstothedevelopmentofclassicalphysics.Anearlyrepresentativeofthisschool,G.R.Kirchhoff,didextensiveportantmi
7、lestoneinresearchonheatradiation.H.vonHelmholtzmadeoutstandingcontributionstothermodynamicsandelectricity.In1847hepublishedanimportantbook,UberdieErhaltungderkraft,aboutenergyconservationandconversion.J.C.Maxodynamics,optics,molecularphysics,thetheoryofthecharacteristicsoff
8、luids,etc.Inparticular,heproposedthedistributionlaolecularmotionandthelaagicfielde