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1、BuddhistChinaattheCentury’sTurnRaoulBirnbaumABSTRACTBasedonfieldworkandstudiesofhistoricalandcontemporarymaterials,thisarticleinvestigatesseveralissueskeytoBuddhistlifeinthepresent-dayPRC,focusingonHanBuddhists,especiallythemonastictradition.Itarguesthatmanycurrentpracticestaketheirshapefromthei
2、nnovationsthattransformedChineseBuddhistlifeinthelateQingandRepublicanperiods.Whileprofoundpolitical,economicandsocialchangeshaveoccurredinthepastfewdecades,someofthemostpressingissuesareextensionsofquestionsraisedatthattime.ThemostsignificantquestionoftheearlierperiodwhatistheBuddhistmonasticvo
3、cation,andwhattrainingandleadershiparerequiredtosafeguardthatideal?remainscentraltopresent-dayactivitiesandconceptions.Toconsiderhowtoanswerthisquestion,orindeedhowitisposedwithinpresentcircumstances,threeinterconnectedmattersareinvestigated:currenttrainingmethods,theeconomicsofmonasteriesandth
4、eissueofleadership.Inthiscontext,HanTibetaninterchangeintheBuddhistfieldandtheinfluenceofoverseasChineseBuddhistsonthemainlandarealsoconsidered.Thisarticleisnotareportsomuchasaninquiry.Basedonfieldexperienceandhistoricalstudies,IwouldliketoraisesomekeyissuesregardingthestateofBuddhistlifeinthePeop
5、lesRepublicofChinaatthebeginningofthe21stcentury.Asimplequestionstrikesasthebasisforthisdiscussion:whatisit,orwhoisit,thatcouldconstitutethesubjectofthisarticle?Aninitialdefinitionofthefieldofinquiryappearsreasonablystraightforward:acorporatebodyofindividualsconventionallyself-identifiedasBuddhist
6、(thereligiousprofessionalsmonksandnunsandalaycommunity),theirrangeofactivities(includingwhatmightbethoughtofasreligiouslife),andthesitesofthoseactivities(mostespeciallymonasteries,shrines,pilgrimagesitessuchasmountains,andjushilin,orlayassoci-ationhalls).Thetexturedrealityoftheseinterconnectedt
7、opicsiscomplex,andpointstodifficultiesattheheartofthisinquiry.Someofthesecomplica-tionsarisefromanattempttomakemeaningfulstatementsaboutanextraordinaryvarietyofindividuals,whoarefoundwithinasystemthatinitslivedrealitiesoperateswith