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1、NewDirectionsin20thCenturyBuddhistStudiesinChina:Dunhuang'sMogaokuasCaseStudyRobertA.Jones,UniversityofLouisvilleIntroductionBeginningattheendofthe19thcenturyandendinginthethirddecadeofthetwentiethcentury,foreignarchaeologicalexplorersmountedanumberofindependentandmoreorlesssystematicexplo
2、rationsofnorthwesternChina,includingTibet,XinjiangandGansuProvince.TheseincludedexpeditionsfromSweden,GreatBritain,Germany,Russia,Japan,FranceandtheUnitedStates.AlthoughtheterritoriescoveredwereostensiblyunderthecontroloftheQing,andlater,Republican,governments,theseexpeditions(withtheexcep
3、tionofafewofthelaterones)werenotunderthecontrolofChineseauthorities.DuetothelackofChineseoversight,largeamountsofarchaeologicalmaterialsweretakenoutofthecountry.IntheWest,modernarchaeologicaltheoryandmethodologywereatthetimestillintheirearlystages.Internationaltreatiesprotectingthecultural
4、heritageofsovereignnationsdidnotexist.TheexpeditionsinthewestofChinawereinfactunregulatedgrabsofanythingofvaluebytheexplorers,whohadlittletofearfromtheChinesegovernment,atleastatfirst.Eachoftheseexpeditionspossessedamongtheirmembersvaryingdegreesofexpertiseandcompetencyinthearchaeologicala
5、rts(seeHopkirk1980;Meyer1999).Despiteadeficiencyinmoderntheoreticalframeworksandtechniques,mostoftheseexpeditionsmanagedtodiscover,removeandbringbacktotheircountriesvastquantitiesofartandrelics,theknowledgeofwhichhadlongbeenforgottenorignoredbythelocalpopulace,inwhatArthurWaleycalledan“arc
6、haeologicalfree-forall”(1960:237-239).DespitetheQingresurgenceofpowerinthenorthwestandthere-conquestofXinjiangandsuppressionoflocalrebellionswhichwererealizedbythe1880s(MillwardandPurdue2004:62),therewasatthetimelittleacademicinterestintheareabyChinesescholars.Thiswasduetoseveralfactors,am
7、ongthembeingthetenuouscontrolovertheregionbytheQinggovernment,thegeneralbreakdownoftheimperialpolity,disinterestinlocalIslamicculture,andtraditionalConfuciandistainforBuddhistwritingsandart.TraditionalChinesehistoriographyandantiquarianismwerestumbling1blockst
